Makes progress Essay Example for Free

Makes improvement EssayPlease be informed that I am hiring Steve Ripiey as sales representative. He is the approximately qualified lavatorydidate and his credentials ar impressive. I would dare say they are upright a little less than perfecta recent MBA from UCLA, a successful summer internship at AgFunds (graduated as net trainee), and a stint overseas as an economic analyst for the U. S. Government. More than what we see on paper, he is motivated, hungry, talented and ambitious. I talked to the blackguard and he is personable, quick-witted, bright, and an excellent conversationalist. He has the makings of a successful sales representative. He can win people and I believe he can turn this regularize spinning merry-go-round down. This may be a melodramatic argument but this is what this order needs right now. This district has been in a slow state for the past 15 years and it needs shaking up. We deplete been losing customers for the past 15 years and we lost a lot of them. It was not because we had a black guy in-charge. It was poor management that brought us here. Now, we all know that we need a jump-start to make this company thrive a discover.And Steve is the powerhouse we need make it happen. We operate in a color-conscious district, I know, but we can use this to our advantage. We have a window of opportunity here to make something else happen. I am talk of the town just about a revolution. Our company is revitalizing and we should give it new blood. We leave be having new clients. We go out also be having new representatives. It is not a far-fetched idea that our new clients go out learn to acquiesce our new representatives irrespective of race or creed. We have not much to lose here.Our company is not in its prime right now. We are just starting anew. However, we have a lot to gain if we change our unwritten policies on hiring. There is a message we can make here with this decision to hire Steve. We are saying that we look at prof essionalism at everything we do and our clients can trust that we will also be professional in dealing with them. We hire because of competence and we hire only the shell people irrespective of skin color. And that is a noble stand any company could make. On some other note, we could at least give Steve a fighting chance.We owe it to him since he graduated as our top trainee. We should at least try to see how he performs out there in the field. I am confident that he can win the customers with his personality. He has the faculties to do so and I believe they will learn to accept him. I am confident that Steve has the capability to exceed our expectations. Rest assured that I have full confidence in him. There is no need to fear if we can not promote him if he fails his first assignment or if we lose profits because our customers will not get from him.We will make his promotion dependent on his performance. If he performs well, he is promoted and we gain profits. If he does not, h e does not get promoted. All we lose is the opportunity of sales. I am asking you not just to see the long run. See also the big picture. Racial inhospitality is limited only to certain regions. And unfortunately, we are in one of them. However, our company will grow much bigger in not so long now and Steve is too much of a talent to waste. See that it is possible that we will be operating in the multinational or international level in the near future.If we will not hire him in this district just because of limits set only by this district, we are being ill-considered and we will lose more. Steves career path is his own choice. He is smart. He is already aware of what he is going into if he takes this job. He knows the challenges he has to hurdle if he takes this job. But it is of great incentive to us if he still takes this job despite the circumstances. It means he is willing to take risks. We need someone like that right now. The same should go for uswe should also be willing to take risks. Think about the turtle it only makes progress when it sticks its head out.

Life as a Buddhist Essay Example for Free

action as a Buddhistic EssayMany people all around this planet fork out knowingly or unknowingly met people of the Buddhist community or even seen a Buddhist Temple. In whatever circumstances, hearing of, meeting with the real Buddhists or visiting their temple is not an issue. The primitive question is, what is Buddhism? An article, The Buddhist Way appearing in the Buddha take in (2008) defines Buddhism as, a religion, a series of practices and a way of life based on the instructs of Buddha who, after achieving enlighten manpowert, taught that the disposition of the world is constant change. According to the teaching of Buddha, all things in this world are temporary and the inability to ensure lifes nature is the source of peoples unhappiness, trouble and their suffering. Buddhism is therefore a means to correct peoples views, expectations along with their conduct and bring happiness, peace, wisdom, Nirvana and end suffering. Buddhas teachings are a source of inspira tion to people whose religion is Buddhism. Their lives have perhaps been influenced by these teachings (Buddha Net 2008). This essay seeks to explore through the twenty-four hours to day life of Buddhist men, women and childrenThe males were the dominant figures in the Buddhist community. Their responsibility was to take care of the females in their community. They were the voice in their families and no fair sexhood could dare go against their wishes. The woman could only manage the personal business of the house in the way that the economise dictated. The males could marry as many wives as their strength allowed (Buddha Net 2008). They could become monks to serve in the Buddhism religion where they were supposed to live a celibate life (Andrew, nd).To understand the situation currently facing the Buddhist woman, it is important to look at the early life of the Buddhist woman. The Buddhist woman seems to have gone through so much than any other animated creature. Her life was that of submissiveness and servitude as a child and youth, a wife and an elderly woman, she had to obey and serve her parents, husband and grown children respectively. They had no right to chose whom to marry and would marry anyone chosen to them by parents. On very high-flown occasions, they were given an opportunity to choose from a few suitors. Some of the women therefore were forced to elope. erstwhile they were in marriage they were to obey their husbands together with his parents without question. Like objects, they could seldom make decisions they were ordered on what was to be do by men (Andrew, nd). Womens role in the Buddhist inn was to manage household affairs such(prenominal) as cooking, cleaning the house, bearing and looking after the children. They only ate leftovers after the men had had their fill. Women were treated more or less like objects. Their husbands could beat them up if they were displeased to, an extent of organism thrown out from the family house.A w oman could not file for a divorce plainly a man could (Andrew, nd). Their role as utter earlier was to bring forth children for their dear husbands and if the woman was barren, whatever other wife was the better option for the husband. As opposed to men, women who committed adultery were put to death. manpower could likewise give away their wives to their men friends. The woman was the most degraded creature in the early Buddhist community whose activates and decisions were under the remote control of men. Many women served as slaves and had to follow whatever their masters said even if it meant the sexual act.They were in like manner beaten up by their master and even murdered without anyones alarm. Due to these merciless and regular beatings they occasionally committed suicide. The life of a traditional Buddhist woman was made of a dark cloud of suffering. Andrews in her article Women in Theravada Buddhism joins Janice Willis in saying that women were helpmates at best and burdens at worst, but always they were viewed as being inferior, second class citizens (Andrew, nd). The birth of Buddha to a fault marked the birth of the womens freedom.At one time Buddha was asked about women by one of his adherents, Ananda and he replied that just like men, they could also become enlightened. Buddha in an effort of lifting the woman figure founded orders for both Bhikkhus (monks) and Bhikkhunis (nuns). The practices and rules that governed the deuce orders were similar. Buddha also taught anyone male and females alike (Andrew, nd). However it had not been easy for Buddha to establish the order of nuns. Had it not been for his disciple Anandas pleading, the women could not have been ordained.Despite their ordination, Buddha dictated eight rules that placed the nuns as monks subordinates. To Buddha still, a woman was a lesser being. It was because of nuns ordination that his teachings would last for only 500 years instead of the expected railyard years. Ordinatio n of women was like a crime that he had committed (Andrew, nd). After the death of Buddha, the one time patriarch society wore back its earlier face. They could not deal with women nuns who were their equal and rules to lower the standards of women in the society were made.No one was against Buddhas teachings that women could in the same way as men attain enlightment but there were certain limitations made for Bhikkhunis to perhaps increase acceptance of monastic rules in the society. Despite these limitations, many women joined the Bhikkhunis as there was more freedom, no servitude no doing of household chores and above all they had independence. Once liberated, they taught the same to other women. Bhikkhunism therefore was a way of escaping from the harsh realities of life. All women could not be Bhikkhunis some established other movements such as the Lay Women (Andrew, nd).The life expectations of a Buddhist child bottom be drawn from the teaching of Buddha to his own son Rahula . Parents and teachers were supposed to pass these teachings on to their children. A Buddhist child is expected to be truthful. If the Buddhist child wanted to find truth the child must be truthful in the first place. Children are also supposed grow up with their actions as mirrors. They were advised not to perform any action that seemed harmful. Children were supposed to learn from their mistakes and be responsible for their actions. They were also supposed to be compassionate.Buddhist children are also trained to become monks from an early age (Talbot, 2010) coda Just like in any other institution, the Buddhist community has had their own way of life. apiece and every group had a place it held in the society. However, it had been a patriarch society that infringed on the rights of women. Men were superior figures but women were expected to be in total submission of their husbands.With the coming of Buddha the status of women was displace but was not equal to that of men. Women are still below men in communities that practice Buddhism such as in India and Thailand. References Andrew, K. (nd). Women in Theravada Buddhism. Retrieved form http//www. enabling. org/ia/vipassana/Archive/A/Andrews/womenTheraBudAndrews. html Buddha Net. (2008). The Buddhist way. Retrieved from http//www. buddhanet. net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s01. htm Talbot, M. (2010). ledger entry teaching your children Buddhist values. Retrieved from http//www. tricycle. com/special-section/introduction-teaching-your-children-buddhist-values

Shakespeare and Kafka Essay Example for Free

Shakespe are and Kafka EssayBoth Shakespeare and Franz Kafta were the men of their contemporary public, placing the world as they see with irony and forms a juxtaposition of a psychological trauma of domain strike by the societies unwarranted interference and trouble in their lives. Shakespears tragedy and Kaftas trial are the tragedies and both of their protagonists learn got their tragic completion not only due to the circumstances created by the auberge but in like manner by their avouch mental traumas and thoughts. But, there are certain differences between the two, small towns King died more due to his moral dilemma while Kafta sire to bear the consequences of the bureaucratic rules and lawfulnesss of the land. Shakespeare uses the technique of inner struggle of a man who is confounded with the concomitant that her start has married with her preserves murdered and the plans of retaliation he int shuttinged to take. The critical points trauma was his thoughts about the respective(a) moral issues. The biggest moral issue in front of him came when he got revelation of the truth about his m new(prenominal)s infidelity.He was fixed in a dilemma was it right to kill his mother as a punishment?. He was caught so much in the dilemma that he delayed fetching revenge resulting in the circumstances that proved tragic for him. Though he in any casek revenge in the end but at the cost of his life and besides of others to whom he matters the most particularly his beloved. Trial is also same in the sense that it also ended in tragedy yet it is different in the sense that Joseph K was giving unsuccessful fight against the court to denounce his death sentence. It was only in the end he accepted his fate and himself summoned his call of death.If Shakespeare would ca-ca written The Trial then Joseph, the of import protagonist of the story would live with been a man of higher status in the party and would have been more a tale of suffering. His mis fortune would have been something exceptional and extraordinary. When Joseph K was informed that he would be arrested, Shakespeare would have turned the character as the most humble without any power to face resistance. Joseph would have been incap fit to make quick decisions, though he would have been capable to make indecisive and heedless decision but would neer have been able to take planned or premeditated action.As in the exact story of Kafka where Joseph is shown making efforts for his release, calling his attorney and even went to the court on the name day for the hearings as the demand of the law of the land, Shakespeare would have twisted the story here. He would have do Joseph lament of the tragedy going to befall on him. Joseph would have given himself to mediation and reflection and in this process he would have gone on delaying in his efforts to secure his release.Joseph would have thought too much about the circumstances befallen on him before making efforts of hi s actions. Shakespeare would have allowed him to commit the actions and commissions and cause him spacious mental agony and not only physical pain that he was going to endure. And later as juncture, he would have tried to find out the main reason shag his asseverate arrest and trials and who were responsible for his so tragic fate, which was never revealed to him by Kafka.In tragedy by Shakespeare, the torpedo normally comes to the recognition of truth of which he had been always unaware of and as Aristotle himself said, a change from ignorance to fellowship. (Mcmanus, Online) Therefore in The Trial, Shakespeare would have made Joseph make efforts in gaining the knowledge and reason behind what has made his fate most tragic.Later Joseph would have grown in stature and wisdom, as Shakespeare would have made him realize the fact that reason is not enough. An over reliance on reason and flavour and untrammeled free will are hallmarks of the Shakespearian villain, and the heroes learn better. Joseph would have made to realize that he should have resort to much better efforts while dealing with the crises and situations, which are out of his control.On the other hand, Kafka would have also used the elements so typical of him as a writer in small town. He would have created critical point as a person who would not be merely pondering and reason on the causes of his befallen fate but would have strived to fight for his rights against the unjustified justice.He would have made Hamlet, rather of entering into the moral dilemma of whims and his passion for his mother, strived to take immediate action against the culprits who were responsible for his fathers death. His anguish and emotional trauma would have been very less as compared to the trauma inflicted by Joseph. Where in Hamlet, Shakespeare has created an element of Ghost, Kafka would have made the appearance of divine figure like that of a priest who would have taught Hamlet to accept his fate as what is destined for him has to happen.For Kafka, guilt is a feeling that no man can avoid whatever his or her experience may be and in Hamlet, Kafka would have decidedly used the element of guilt. He would have made Hamlet realized his mother and uncle of guilt quite of entering into moral dilemma himself and make them face the trials. Here Hamlet would have been realized the fact that it is not important that an individual is actually guilty of an offence but what is important is that crime has occurred and he knew the culprits and therefore they ought to be put in trial and convicted. Another aspect to it is an issue of revenge. Hamlet cute to take the revenge of the death of his father that was contradictory to the contemporary society in which Hamlet was written.This revenge implies taking the law in ones own hands in order to satiate an inner urge, although in civilized society the function of fighting the wrongs done to individuals belong to the state or the government. If Ka fka had written Hamlet, he would have made Hamlet t try to follow the course of law to punish the culprits.But, he would have made Hamlet unsuccessful in his efforts as the law takes its own course and by that time Claudius would have been set free and took an adequate opportunity to bring Hamlet to his tragic death. In other words, death of Hamlet could not have occurred due to the moral flaws in the character of Hamlet but due to the circumstances that were out of his control. In spite of his efforts, Hamlet would never have been able to bring real culprits on the punishment panel.Kafka would have made Hamlet a story of the faults in the justice system of the contemporary society instead of the moral flaw in the character that would have made his end inevitable. In Kaftas version of Hamlet too, would have also died in the end but in a different way.Hamlet would have never been able to find truth of the conspiracy behind his fathers death. As with the Mouse Trap in Hamlet was the m ajor victory for Hamlet as he was able to contrive his fathers murderer but the parable of Kafkas would have made Hamlet frustrated as it neither contained any golden rule nor even suggested a mode of behavior under particular conditions. Hamlet would have not learnt anything and died a meaningless life bearing the misery of human existence.In the end Hamlet says, the rest is silence, this dialogue is an exploration of the true nature and life of human beings. Hamlet realized the fact that for all human beings, the ultimate destiny is death. Finally all human beings have to attain the death, which is inevitable and have to accept their ultimate faith. Hamlet confronts, recognizes and accepts the condition of being man and the survive death wringed in him final cry of passion.But it is not simply the acceptance of death that Hamlet wants to unveil but within this end is the paradigm of complete mysteries of life and along with it is the mystery of evil. The realization of the realit y of the death and the mystery of life he felt in the graveyard where the bodies of scheming politicians, the hollow courtier, the tricky lawyer, emperor or the queen and the beautiful young maidens laid.Whereas when Joseph K said like a blackguard, Kafka struck at the contemporary society with a tool of an irony. Joseph K.s decease is the demise of all human beings who had to face the courts and trials without any question. All the human beings are the dogs in the hands of the society and have to accept the fate what has been destined for them. This is a difference between like a dog and the rest is silence. The similarity between the two lies in the fact that fate is the biggest thing in the life of human beings and every one has to accept their fate.Works CitedMcManus, Barbara F. Outline of Aristotles Theory of Tragedy in the POETICS. Internet. (1999). Available http//www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics.html, October 17, 2008.

Cellular Processes Essay Example for Free

Cellular Processes EssayWhen molecules move from a high to first gear concentration it is called piteous DOWN the concentration gradient. When molecules move from a low to high concentration it is called moving AGAINST the concentration gradient. When the concentration of a solute is the aforementioned(prenominal) throughout a system, the system is at EQUILIBRIUM.What kind of head DOES NOT require null? PASSIVEWhat kind of transport requires strength? ACTIVEWhich CELL PART provides the button for active transport? MITOCHONDRIAWhich MOLECULE is spring upd by mitochondria and provides energy for transport? ATP Movement of molecules FROM a character of HIGH concentration TO a kingdom of LOW concentration = DIFFUSION The motility of molecules FROM a region of HIGH concentration TO a region of LOW concentration with the HELP of carrier proteins or convey = FACILITATED DIFFUSION Membrane proteins that move molecules across membranes by attaching, changing shape, and flipping t o the other side like a revolving door = CARRIER PROTEINS Membrane proteins that help molecules across membranes by providing a tunnel = PROTEIN CHANNELSThe movement of WATER molecules from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a carrel membrane = OSMOSIS ramification 3Stages 1 2Which kinds of transport use VESICLES to help molecules across membranes? ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS Photosynthesis Chemical Reaction for photosynthesisWater + carbon copy dioxide Glucose + Oxygen 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert weewee system and carbon dioxide into atomic number 8 and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches Chloroplast- site of photosynthesisCellular Respiration- bring that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other forage molecules in the presence of oxygen Aerobic means with oxygen (O2) an aerobic means without oxygen (O2) -Glycolysis- Means thesplitting o f glucose Occurs in the cytoplasm of all electric cadreular telephones in both organism It does NOT require oxygen A net of 2 ATP is made during glycolysis. -Fermentation Anaerobic Pathway-There argon 2 events of fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation-Occurs in yeasts and bacteria, CO2 and ethyl alcohol be induced (bread slit rising) Lactic Acid Fermentation-Occurs during strenuous exercise (burning fatigue in muscles) -Cellular Respiration Totals Energy produced per glucose molecule -Glycolysis = scratch of 2 ATP Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain (ETC) = 32 ATP Total = 36 ATP per glucose molecule Mitochondria powerhouse- site of cellular ventilation= devising ENERGY Manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into us fitted energy for the cell. a nonher(prenominal) cell organellesVacuole- stores water, waster, enzymes and other materials(like a water tower)Golgi eubstance- sorts and packages proteins (think of UPS)Nucleus- br ain/control digest of the cell instructions for making proteins Lysosome- digests worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria viruses (like a janitor/clean up crew) Ribosome- site of protein synthesis (think of meat-has protein in it) Cell membrane- controls what enter and leaves the cell, semi or selectively permeable (like a bouncer) Mitosis produces 2 familialally resembling, diploid body (somatic) cellsDiploid full set of chromosomes myosis produces 4 genetically different, haploid sex (gametes) cellsHaploid chromosome is half usage QuestionsCell organelles carry out specific metabolic processes.1. employment the teaching above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are sorted and packaged to be sent where they are needed?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. Golgi bodiesd. vacuoles2. Study the debate above. Which cell organelle is responsible for storingenzymes and other materials needed by the cell?a. ribosomesb. vacuolesc. mitochondriad. lysos omes3. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which proteins are assembled based on DNA instructions?a. mitochondriab. lysosomesc. ribosomesd. vacuoles4. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which energy stored in food molecules is transformed into usable energy for the cell?a. lysosomesb. golgi bodiesc. mitochondriad. ribosomes5. Study the statement above. Which cell organelle manages the process by which worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria are digested?a. ribosomesb. lysosomesc. vacuolesd. golgi bodies6. Which of these is not an advantage gained by organisms which reproduce sexually?a. Genetic recombination created genetic diversity within a species. b. Some percentage of organisms within a species will be apt(predicate) to survive and reproduce despite harsh environmental conditions. c. Genetic diversity reduces the risk of species extinction caused by hard environmental condition s. d. Genetic diversity weakens a species overall ability to survive harsh environmental conditions.7. A fertilized egg created through sexual reproduction-a. has a combination of genetic material that is unique in the speciesb. is genetically identical to other eggs of the same bring upsc. is genetically identical to the parentsd. contains genetic material from whole one parent8. Organisms reproduce asexually in a variety of ways. A bacterium reproduces by making a copy of its chromosome, growing larger, then dividing into two separate, genetically identical cells. This process is called-a. regenerationb. binary fissionc. vegetative reproductiond. budding9. Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is false?a. Organisms that reproduce sexually produce sex cells called gametes.b. Fertilization is part of the sexual reproduction process.c. In sexual reproduction, a single parent produces identical military issue.d. A zygote is produced through sexual reproductio n.10. Study the chemical reactions below.PhotosynthesisCellular respirationPlants produce much oxygen during photosynthesis than they use in cellular respiration. What happens to the excess oxygen produced during photosynthesis?a. It is used as an energy source by plant cells.b. It is released into the air and is used by other organisms for respiration.c. It is converted into pepperiness energy.d. It is a waste product which is never reused.11. Which of these is inhaled by animals, then used in respiration?a. carbonb. oxygenc. nitrogend. water12. one of the products of photosynthesis is glucose (C6H12O6). Which of the following statements about the production and use of this molecule is false?a. Plants use the energy from glucose to convert nutrients to body tissues and grow larger.b. Glucose that is not immediately used by the plant is stored for later use.c. Plants use the energy from glucose to fictionalisation a variety of plant products.d. Glucose that is not immediately us ed by the plant is lost as waste material.13. Tigers, goldfish, peacocks, and charitables all reproduce sexually. Which statement is true about sexual reproduction?a. It is not a factor scientists use to define different species.b. It involves the joining of an egg and sperm into one cell.c. The offspring are genetically the same as their parents.d. Sexual reproduction can barely take posterior by internal fertilization.14. Jackson is growing a bean plant in a pot. ane day Jackson notices that the plant is wilting. He waters the bean plant and within a a few(prenominal) minutes the plant begins to perk up. This is because the plant has taken up water by osmosis. At what geomorphologic level does osmosis go through?a. organsb. tissuesc. cellsd. organ systemsOrganisms as different as bacteria, mushrooms, algae, oak trees, and human beings are all made of cells.15. Read the information above. Which statement is true for all cells?a. all cells have the same shape.b. All cells nee d energy to survive.c. All cells are surrounded by a rigid wall.d. All cells belong to organ systems.Michelle is looking through a microscope at a cell from an onion root. She sees a cell that is in the process of dividing to make a new cell. This is what Michelle sees16. Study the diagram and the description above. If Michelle were able to find an onion cell that had completed division, what products of cell division would she see?a. four different cellsb. only one cellc. two identical cellsd. four identical cells17. Study the diagram and the statement above. Michelle is observing cell division in an onion cell, but this type of cell division also occurs in the human body. Which statement is not true about this type of cell division in public?a. This type of cell division is humans produces sex cells as well as body cells.b. This type of cell division in humans occurs fleck bones are forming during development.c. This type of cell division in humans can be affected by viruses.d. This type of cell division in humans is necessary to heal cuts and wounds18. Study the diagram and the description above. What is the name for the process Michelle is observing?a. mutationb. meiosisc. mitosisd. metamorphosis19. Study the diagram and the information above. Which of these statements about cell division is true?a. A newly formed fille cell has less DNA than its parent cell.b. Cells divide at random times.c. New cells formed by cell division can replace dying cells in an organism.d. The phases of cell division can occur in any order.20. A special type of cell division, called meiosis, is used to form sex cells or gametes. Which statement is true above this type of cell division?a. The products of meiosis are two identical cells.b. DNA is not copied at all during meiosis.c. The new cells have half the DNA of the parent cell.d. Meiosis is complete after only one round of cell division.21. A person with swollen gums rinses his verbalise with warm salt water, and the swel ling decreases. Which has occurred?a. The swollen gums have absorbed the saltwater solution.b. The saltwater solution lowers the temperature of the water in the gums.c. The salt in the solution has moved against the concentration gradient.d. The water in the gums has moved from a high to a low concentration of water.22. What advantage do sexually reproducing organisms have over asexually reproducing organisms?a. genetic variationb. genetic stabilityc. increased fertilization rated. increased reproductive rate23. What is the most likely play of a group of cells that contain a high number of chloroplasts?a. respirationb. transpirationc. fermentationd. photosynthesis24. In humans, glucose is kept in difference in the bloodstream by insulin. Which concept does this best illustrate?a. adaptationb. homeostasisc. metabolismd. organization25. In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different?a. Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP.b. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen.c. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy.d. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. 26. Which statement best distinguishes aerobic from anaerobic respiration?a. solely aerobic respiration involves fermentation.b. Only anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.c. Only aerobic respiration requires oxygen.d. Only anaerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide.27. Which most accurately describes the difference in ATP production between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?a. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.b. Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.c. Only anaerobic respiration produces measurable amounts of ATP.d. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration produce the same amount of ATP.28. A human strip cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human s perm cell?a. 23b. 46c. 92d. 13829. What is homeostasis?a. the ability of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environmentb. the production of a hormone by an endocrine gland that works on another endocrine glandc. a series of events that monitor how hormones work in the body d. a process in which a sort in the environment causes a response that returns conditions to their original status30. If the body stopped producing new important cells, what would the expected outcome be? The pancreas would no longer release glucagonHigh blood glucose levels would continueto become normalInsulin would no longer be releasedAlpha cells would become beta cells31. You just ran a battle of Marathon (26.2 miles) and your body is trying to reach homeostasis. Which of the following statements is true?Your blood vessels will constrict to conserve heatYour blood vessels will dilate to release body heatYour bodys control center will shut downYour brain will tell your body not to sweat

Language and Identity Essay Example for Free

Language and Identity EssayWho am I? What is it that defines that personality? Anzaldua argues in her essay that the wrangle is what defines stars individuality. Language is indeed an important fixings of culture, and culture is known to be a crucial definer of identity. passel uptake language to connect to their identities and communicating their realities and values to themselves and to the world around them In another(prenominal) words, language is important because slew use it to state their thoughts and beliefs. population evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their tidy sum (Baldwin 109). Consequently, language does not necessarily define identity as much as identity defines language. People decide on what language to use in order to communicate with their communities according to their identities. Ones identity defines and regulates the use of language and not the contrary.People speak incompatible languages this difference is used to locali ze and fall upon between different people, different ethnicities and races. The human need to belong to a group makes them gestate to a item language and dialect that represents their particularized community and secernate it from the rest. Language is what connects people to their communities they argon directly connected to people who speak the same language as them. Anzaldua argues that Ethnic identity is agree skin to linguistic, I am my language (Anzaldua 136), which strongly supports the fact that language is used to ensure that people belong to group. Talking the same language and using the same expressions defines to which group people belong to, it also evaluates the truthfulness of the affiliation. Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself, which basically states that language shapes ones identity.This statement however, does not apply to all situations and communities and is certainly not constant. There are people who cannot identify to a specific group but rather to a variety of communal affiliations. Most people speak multiple languages each language connects them to a specific culture and group of people. Tan clearly mentions in her story that she had to speak two different languages to her Asian mom who had her own made up position. Tan relates to both her Asian descent and American attribute by using her moms made up English to speak with her mom, and uses the proper English to give lectures and speak to most Americans.On the same grounds, Anzaldua learned through her life experiences to frequently use multiple typefaces of English, and more other Dialects of proper Spanish and Mexican Spanish. She uses each language to communicate, connect and interact to specific people according to their background. This proves that the assumption that language defines culture and identity fails. What happens to the people who speak many languages, do they not get the benefit and pride of belonging to a certain communi ty? kinda the contrary, they belong to multiple communities and they choose which group they want to communicate with and with which language. People have the ability to strike from a language to another to be part of a group and this supports the idea that identity defines and shapes language, and not the opposite.Language is used as a way to identify with people, but it is also used to distinguish between them. People use language to differentiate between people and refer them to a specific culture and community according to the language they speak. America is known for having a diverse population, and people are identified based on their language Mexicans can be recognized to be Mexicans because of their accents even though they might be Caucasian. Tan argues that her mom spoke broken English that limited the peoples perception of her capacities. People in department stores, banks, restaurants, did not take her seriously (Tan 144)which strictly proves that people who do speak the proper language of the specific group they happen to be in generates a different treatment than that a true English speaker. Baldwin denounces that black Americans are treated differently than white Americans because they speak English with a different accent.When speaking Black English, you have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future (Baldwin 110) according to Baldwin. People associate language with background which then leads to choose to treat that specific person a talk to him a way they associate with the people who speak that exact same language. In this case, for the minority, it is language that assumes their behavior, but for the other dominant group, it is identity that shapes behavior. It is their identity that tells them that a specific language must be allocated with that specific type of person and then treat them in the way it is conventions set. People speak a specific language because it is in their identity to do so, and they choose to treat people differently according to language. This allows me to conclude that identity defines language, and language triggers behavior.Language is a major crucial component of our everyday life it is used to differentiate between different categories of people, connect with one each group, and then choose how they will address those people. People argue that it is language that defines which type of person you are and shapes your identity. The arguments and the authors I quoted obviously proved the contrary, and stated that it is ones identity that sets up and decides on the language used.ReferencesAnzaldua, Gloria. How to Tame a Wild Tongue. Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Sommers, Jason T ougaw. Fields of Reading. New york Bedford/ St. Martins , 2010. 131-141.Baldwin, James. If black english Isnt a language, Then Tell Me, What is. Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Somme rs, Jason Tougaw. Fields of Reading. Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 109-113.Tan, Amy. Mother Tongue. Nancy R Comley, David Hamilton, Carl H Klaus, Robert Scholes, Nancy Sommers, Jason Tougaw. Fields of Reading. New York Bedford/St. Matins, 2010. 142-147.

Organic lab. Comparison of alkanes and alkenes Essay Example for Free

Organic lab. Comparison of alkanes and alkenes Essay1. excitableness of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax oil snapperMethaneHexaneParaffin bestrideObservationsColorless gas, with a life of sweet burnt intoxicant.Clear, neutral liquid. Alcoholic smell, write down nevertheless thorny.White, oily ( jump ony) solid. Very malleable, odorless.1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in waterSubstanceHexane + waterParaffin resurrect + waterObservationsHexane when shaken with water does non dissolve. We can tell so because purge though both liquids are clear and colorless, we can see a clear breed which distinguishes ane liquid from the other. The hexane floats right above the water, never mixing, and we can see the line of separation.Paraffin wax when shaken with water overly does non dissolve. Even when finely ground, the solid pieces of wax float throughout the liquid and eventually deposit on the bottom of the test tube, never mixing with the water.1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin waxSubstanceMethaneHexaneParaffin waxObservationsWhen the illumine splint is inserted in the test tube filled with methane, the fervor quickly extinguishes itself, with a small spurt of black stool. Right after, water vapour coats the walls of the test tube. Therefore, burn pass byred, since the water vapour means that H2O and CO2 are produced as bi products. The flame close complete, still not quite, since the black dumbbell suggests that a small amout of noxious CO and ascorbic acid were also produced.When the light up splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the whole surface of the alcohol catches exhaust (combusts) and a big shine take a leaks, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the excitement blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin function first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a rudimentary combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and coke were released. Indeed, the soot is the add of carbon produced by the combustion.The lighted splint does not cause the paraffin wax to combust. When applied, the heat of the fire of the splint causes the wax to melt, but not catch fire itself. This because the wax is in the solid fase, and so does not combust. It would need a candle wick, a piece of yarn inside the candle which catches fire and helps the candle melt. discontinue II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the two-fold bondSubstanceHexane + sheer sulfuric acid + green permanganateHexene + dilute sulfuric acid + cat valium permanganateObservationsWhen the fucsia potassium permanganate is appended to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, the whole outcome flexures fucsia, as one would expect. Since there is no color change (the fucsia just happens to be the predominant color) no answer occurred.When the fucsia potassium permanganate is added to the clear hexane and sulfuric acid, initially the whole upshot turns fucsia. However right after there is a color change and the solution goes from fucsia, to light pink, to clear again. We can tell from the color change that an adjunct reaction occurred.1. Combustibility of hexane and hexeneSubstanceHexaneHexeneObservationsWhen the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexane, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame forms, which lasts circa 5 minutes. As the fire blazes, some black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first light brown, and then progessively a darker shade of brown. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a uncomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion.When the lighted splint is applied to the basin full of hexene, the whole surface of the alcohol catches fire (combusts) and a big flame f orms, which lasts circa as long as the hexane combustion. As the fire blazes, a bulk of thick black smoke rises from it, and the walls of the evaporing basin become first brown, and then progessively a darker until they become close black. This is the soot collecting on the basin. Therefore, a incomplete combustion occurred, in which the bi products of CO and carbon were released. Indeed, the soot is the amount of carbon produced by the combustion. Since the basin of the hexene was darker than that of the hexane, we can deduce that the combustion of hexene is to a greater extent incomplete.Part III Alcohols and carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolSubstanceEthanol + potassium dichromate + dilute sulfuric acidObservationsWhen first placed in the water bath the solution turns from orange- xanthous to first a light green. The smell is quite alcoholic and strong, pungent. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a darker shade of green, an some turquoise color. The smell is a bit like a medicine, still a bit pungent (less though) and quite sweet like cough syrup. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an intent forest green, and the smell is very honied sweet.1. devising estersSubstanceEthanol + ethanoic acid + pure sulfuric acidObservationsWhen first placed in the water bath the solution turns from a warm yellow color to first a light blue-green. The smell is very strong, pungent and unpleasant. After 5 minutes, the solution has become a more intense and dark shade of blue-green. The smell is still acidic and tangy, but now quite sweet. It is not unpleasant anymore. After other 5 minutes, the color is now an a very dark green, almost black, and the smell is almost like lemon pie, tangy but sugary at the same time. It is a nice scent.Data AnalysisPart I Alkanes1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffin1. MethaneCH4 (g)1. HexaneC6H14 (aq)1. Paraffin waxC20H42 (s)1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in water1. HexaneNo reaction occursC6H14 (aq) + H 2O(l) C6H14 (aq) +H2O(l)1. Paraffin waxNo reaction occursC20H42 (s) + H2O(l) C20H42 (s) +H2O(l)1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax1. MethaneCH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g) *1. Hexane2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) *1. Paraffin waxNo combustion reaction occurred paraffin only if changes citeC20H42 (s) + heat C20H42 (l)Part II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the double bond1. HexaneNo addition reaction occurredConcentrated H2SO4(l)C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C6H14 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq)1. HexeneConcentrated H2SO4(l)C6H12 (aq) + KMnO4 (aq) C3H6O2 (aq) + KMnO2 (aq)1. Combustibility of hexane and hexene1. Hexane2 C6H14 (aq) + 19 O2(g) 14 H2O(g) + 12 CO2 (g) *1. HexeneC6H12 (aq) + 9 O2 (g) 6 H2O(g) + 6 CO2 (g) *Part III Alcohols and Carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolreflux3 CH3CH2OH(aq) + 2 K2Cr2O7 (aq) + 8 H2SO4 (aq) + heat 3 CHCOOH(aq) + 2 Cr(SO)(aq) +2 KSO(aq) + 11 HO(g)1. Making estersconcentrated H2SO4CH3CH2OH(aq) + CH3C OOH(aq) CH3COOCH2CH3 (aq) + H2O(g)* These reactions are written as complete combustions, but in reality they were incomplete conbustions, as we can tell from the soot (carbon) left behind after the reaction. Therefore the products of these combustions would not only be CO2 and H2O (water vapour) but also the noious CO and snow (black smoke and soot). These equations thus do not represent fully the reaction which took place.ConclusionPart I Alkanes1. Volatility of methane, hexane, and paraffinThe state of methane, hexane, and paraffin wax are gas, liquid, and solid at room STP, respectively. They are all alkanes, and therefore only sop up avant-garde Der Waal intermolecular forces (they are non- paired, so do not befuddle dipole antenna dipole, and do not realize any Hydrogen bonds as well), The stronger the intermolecular forces, the more energy (heat) it requires to break the bonds, the higher the MP.However, even though methane, hexane, and paraffin all have VDW forces, they have very different MP and BP, as seen from their physical state at room temperature. This is due to the difference in surface area of the three alkanes. Van Der Waal forces are stronger in molecules that have a larger surface area indeed, paraffin wax, which can have a molecular formula of C20H42 to C40H82 which be a much longer chain than hexane (C6H14) which in turn will be longer than methane (CH4). Therefore, paraffin wax will have a higher MP than hexane, which will have a higher MP than methane.1. Solubility of hexane and paraffin in waterSince hexane did not mix with the water (there was a cler line of separation between the two substances) we can concude that hexane is not oil-soluble in polar solutions, (water is the universal solvent for polar solutions). Therefore, hexane is non-polar, as its symmetrical structure (C6H14) would suggest (the dipole moments spark out). besides paraffin wax did not mix with water. This is due to the fact that also paraffin wax is a alka ne, and therefore will also be non polar, because of its symmetrical structure (eg C20H42) with dipole moments which cancel out. Also, the fact that the wax was solid, and no heat was added to the solution, contrbuted probably to the insolubility of the wax in the water (even polar substances like sugar melt better when heat is applied).1. Combustibility of methane, hexane, and paraffin waxMethane combusted when the lighted splint was applied. The flame extinguishes itself quickly, and the products CO2 and H2O are formed (water vapour). However, the combustion is not complete, because also some black smoke (Carbon and CO) are produced, since there is not enough oxygen and the carbons in the reactants are not combusted completely.Likewise, also the hexane combusts when the lighted splint is applied (a huge flame erupts). However, the hexane has a more incomplete combustion. We can tell from the tangible amount of soot (carbon) left on the evaporating basin, much greater than the thi n black smoke generated from the combustion of methane.The paraffin wax, even though it is an alkane, is in its solid state and therefore does not combust. When the lighted splint is applied, the wax changes state from solid to liquid. Therefore, no reaction occurs, and the products of combustion are not formed (CO2 and H2O, and Carbon and CO). If a wollen wick were to be inserted, then combustion would occur.Part II Comparison of alkanes and alkenes1. Reaction of the double bondHexane did not react with the potassium permanganate, since the color did not change. This because the alkanes are saturated (do not have any double bonds) and therefore cannot perform addition reactions. Hexene instead reacts with the potassium permanganate (KMnO4), aided by the concentrated H2SO4 to form C3H6O2 and KMnO2. We can tell see the reaction visually, for the potassium permanganate is fucsia, and therefore tinges the whole solution of a pink, but after the reaction occurs the solution becomes cle ar, since the products are different. This because it is an alkene, and therefore unsaturated, so other molecules can add into it to form different products. The carbon-carbon double bond is very reactive. However the alkene could not react with the potassium permanganate without the catalyst H2SO4 to facilitate the reaction.1. Combustibility of hexane and hexeneHexane and hexene both combust when the lighted splint is applied. They both catch fire, and burn for circa 5 minutes. They both produce CO2 and H2O (water vapour is formed, and moisture is left behind after the fire extinguishes), and also Carbon and CO (black smoke rises from the flame, and soot is left behind on the basin. Therefore, there is not enough oxygen, and the hexane and hexene do not combust completely, generating these noxious, unwanted products. The main difference is that hexene has a more incomplete combustion than hexane, since it leaves behind much more dirt and soot, coloring the basin pitch black, while the hexane only leaves a bit of soot, coloring the basin of a lighter brown. Therefore, the combustion of hexene requires more oxygen than that of hexane, since the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere remains more or less constant.Part III Alcohols and Carboxylic acids1. Oxidation of ethanolThe oxidation of ethanol is an oxidation of a primary alcohol. The reaction can occur because all the reaction conditions are present heat, the oxidizing agent (K2Cr2O7 ) and the catalyst (H2SO4). Therefore, the alcohol (CH3CH2OH) first will form an aldehyde through distilling (low ratio of oxidizing agent to alcohol) but then through reflux it will form a carboxyllic acid (CHCOOH). We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. Initially yellow-orange, the solution then turns green. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, to a sweeter, more pleasant smell.1. Making estersA reaction occurs when the ethanol and the ethanoic acid, aided by the catalyst H2SO4 and heat, form an ester CH3COOCH2CH3 and water. Also here, the reaction only occurs because the reaction conditions were present heat and catalyst H2SO4. We can notice the reaction occurring by observing the changes in the test tube. The color changes from a warmer color, to a colder, blue-green color. Also, we notice a change in scent, from a pungent alcoholic scent, very unpleasant, to a fruity, sweet and tangy smell like lemon pie. Indeed, esters are used as artificial flavouring, replicsting the smell of fruits.

Information Security

Information hostageIntroductionThe requirements of info security department with in an brass have underg peerlessness major changes in the past and present epochs. In the earlier times physical heart and soul is employ to provide security to data. With the advent of computers in every field, the need for softw ar tools for protecting files and different teaching stored on the computer became principal(prenominal). The important tool designed to protect data and thwart amerciable users is computer security.With the mental institution and revolution in communications, one to a greater extent change that affected security is the introduction of distributed systems which requires carrying of data between terminal user and among a set of computers. Ne dickensrk security measures atomic number 18 require to protect data during their transmission. The mechanisms utilize to meet the requirements like enfranchisement and confidentiality ar observed to be kind of complex. O ne must(prenominal) al courses consider potency counter measures while developing a specific(prenominal) mechanism. It is in like manner important to identify implementations to adopt these mechanisms. Security mechanisms usually involve more than a particular algorithm or protocol. It means that participants be in possession of some secret discipline, which raises doubts ab unwrap their creation, scattering and protection of that secret information. Thus a model has to be developed within which security go and mechanisms bunghole be viewed.To identify the security needs of an organization at its effective level, the manager needs a systematic way. One approach is to consider three aspects of information security that is Security polish, Security mechanism and Security services. Security struggle identifies different modes by which intruder tries to get unauthorized information and the services are intended to counter security tone-beginnings, and they make use of one o r more security mechanisms to provide the service.As information systems become ever more active and important to the consume of activities, electronic information takes on m whatsoever of the roles earlier being done on papers. Few information integrity functions that the security mechanism has to support are security and confidentiality of the data to be transmitted and authentication of users.There is no single mechanism that will provide all the services specified. But we stooge see that one particular element that specifies most of the security mechanisms in use cryptographic techniques. encoding or encryption like transformations of information is the most common means of providing security. A model for much(prenominal) of what we will be discussing is captured in general terms.Encryption ModelThis general model shows that there are four basic tasks in designing a particular security service.Design an algorithm for do encryption decodeion process.Generate the secret inf ormation with the help of algorithm of step 1.Identify methods for the diffusion and sharing of secret information.Identify rules to be utilise by both the participating parties that makes use of security algorithm and the secret information to achieve a particular security service.A crypto system is an algorithm, cocksure all mathematical plain schoolbook editionbooks, cipher texts and keys. There are two general types of key ground algorithms bilaterally symmetrical and man key. With most symmetric algorithms, the aforesaid(prenominal) key is used for both encryption and decryption.Symmetric-key encryptionExecution of symmetric-key encryption can be highly useful, so that users do not experience any significant time delay because of the encryption and decryption. Symmetric-key encryption also provides a degree of authentication, since information encrypted with one symmetric key cannot be decrypted with any other symmetric key. Thus, as long as the symmetric key is kept secret by the two parties using it to encrypt communications, each party can be sure that it is communicating with the other as long as the decrypted messages specify a purposeful sense.Symmetric-key encryption will be successful exactly if the symmetric key is kept rightd by the two parties involved. If anyone else discovers the key, it affects both confidentiality and authentication. The success of a symmetric algorithm rests in the key, divulging the key means that any one could encrypt and decrypt messages. As long as the communication needs to persist in secure, the key must be protected between the participating parties.Encryption and decryption with a symmetric algorithm are denoted byE K (M) = CD K (M) = PSymmetric algorithms can be divided into two categories. Some operate on the plain text a single puss or byte at a time, these are called stream algorithms or stream ciphers. Others operate on conclave of bits or characters. Such algorithms are called block algorithm s.Public algorithms are designed so that the key used for encryption is different from the key used for decryption. The algorithms are called public key because the encryption key be made public. It involves a pair of keysa public key and a private keyassociated with an entity that needs to authenticate its personal identity electronically or to sign or encrypt data. Further more the decryption key cannot be calculated from the encryption key. Each public key is published, and the corresponding private key is kept secret. data encrypted with ones public key can be decrypted only with his private key. shows a simplified view of the way public-key encryption cut backs.Public-key encryptionCompared with symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption requires more computation and is therefore not always appropriate for liberal measurings of data. However, its possible to use public-key encryption to send a symmetric key, which can then be used to encrypt additional data. This is t he approach used by the SSL protocol. This provides Authentication, Integrity Confidentiality of Information at low compute power. Nevertheless, private-key encryption is useful, because it means you can use your private key to sign data with your digital signaturean important requirement for electronic commerce and other commercial applications of cryptography. Encryption and decryption can be equal in a public key scheme isE Kpu(M) = CD Kpr(C) = MWhere Kpu is the public key and Kpr is the private key.In public key encryption there is always a speculation of some information being leaked out. A crypto analyst tries to get some information based on ones public key. Not a whole of information is to be gained here, but there are potential problems with allowing a crypto analyst to encrypt random messages with public key. Some information is leaked out every time to the crypto analyst, he encrypts a message. In probabilistic Encryption, multiple cipher texts are generated for one p lain text, a cryptanalyst can not generate any information by chosen plain text and chosen cipher text attacks.Probabilistic encryptionSecurity Analysis of algorithms Different algorithms offers different degrees of security, it depends on how hard they are to secernate. If the cost required to break an algorithm is greater than the value of the encrypted data, then we are probably safe. If the time required to break an algorithm is longer than the time that the encrypted data must remain secret, then we are probably safe. If the amount of data encrypted with a single key is less than the amount of data necessary to break the algorithm, then we are probably safe.An algorithm is unconditionally secure if, no matter how much cipher text a crypto analyst has, there is not enough information to recover the plain text. In point of fact, only a one time pad is infrangible in a cipher text only attack, simply by trying every possible key one by one and by checking whether the resulting p lain text is meaningful. This is called a brute make attack. Cryptography is more concerned with crypto systems that are computationally infeasible to break. Any algorithm is considered computationally secure if it cannot be broken with available resources.The complexness of an attack can be measured as info Complexity, the amount of data needed as input to the attack, Processing complexity, the time needed to perform the attack and storage requirements which are the amount of memory needed to do the attack which is space complexity.As a thumb rule, the complexity of an attack is taken to be minimum of these three factors. Another classification of complexities is by complexity of the algorithm by its construction and complexity of the algorithm by its strength. By its construction, the time complexity of the algorithm can be calculated by executing through the steps of the algorithm, which will be referred as O(n). Complexities can also be expressed as orders of magnitude. If the length of the key is k, then the touch complexity is given by 2k . It means that 2 k operations are required to break the algorithm. Then the complexity of the algorithm is said to be exponential in nature.A desirable stead of any encryption algorithm is that a small change in plain text or the key should produce significant change in cipher text. Such an effect is known as avalanche effect. The more the avalanche affects of the algorithm, the better the security. Crypto analysis is the study of recovering the plain text with out access to the key. It may also find weakness in a crypto system that eventually leads to forward results.An attempted crypto analysis is called an attack. There are five types of attack. Each of them assumes that the crypto analyst has complete knowledge of the encryption algorithm used. slide fastener text only attack Here the crypto is in hold of cipher text only. The crypto analyst has cipher text of several messages, all of which have been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm. The crypto analysts theorize is to recover the plain text of as many messages as possible, or better yet to extrapolate the key used to encrypt the messages, in order to decrypt other messages encrypted with the same keys.Known Plaintext attack The crypto analyst is in hold of not only to the cipher text of several messages, but also to the plain text of those messages. His job is to get the key used to encrypt the messages or an algorithm to decrypt any messages encrypted with the same key.Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) Here the crypto analyst is in hold of not only cipher text but also parts of chosen plain text. If the analyst is able to stash away into the system a message chosen by the analyst, then such an attack is known as chosen plain text attack. Differential crypto analysis is an example of this mode.Chosen cipher text attack (CCA) Under the CCA model, an adversary has access to an encryption and a decryption machine and must perfor m the same task of distinguishing encryptions of two messages of its choice. First, the adversary is allowed to interact with the encryption and decryption services and choose the pair of messages. after(prenominal) it has chosen the messages, however, it only has access to an encryption machine.Chosen text In this model, the analyst posses the encryption algorithm, Cipher text to be decoded, plain text message chosen by the crypto analyst and purported cipher text chosen by the crypto analyst.Present workIn this work an attempt has been made to generate a set of algorithms which provides security to data transmitted. The first algorithm considers a random matrix key which on execution by a series of steps generates a sequence. This sequence is used a cuneus key to build three different encryption models. Each model can be used for encryption of data. The second algorithm considers not only the key but also initialization vector and a time stamp to generate sub keys which are use d for encryption process. And also a mechanism has been discussed which identifies any garbled key while transmitted from the Key Distribution Centre.In this work both the algorithms are discussed in terms of computational security, computational complexity and computational overhead. Both the algorithms are studied for their strengths and limitations. A crypto analytical study of the algorithms with emphasis on probabilistic encryption is also considered in this study.The encryption algorithms are compared with standard algorithms like RC4 and DES. The algorithms are also discussed in terms of its applications and also approximately their advantages and limitations in network security environment.