American Promotionalism

Emergence of unite States of the States itself was an epitome of certain ideo tenacious expressions i. e. loosedom, fraternity, par etc notwithstanding the Statesn progress in the constitution-making, neighborly, stinting and technological domains capacitated the the Statesn quality to devise the new ideological patterns and modify the existing ones. The socio- scotch branch of 19th century produced a phenomenon of destitute- knowledgealism that contains the entire major thematic expressions of American policy-making orientation.This liberal-developmentalism political theory was a combination of American beliefs in their love ideals and these liberal beliefs were elevate augmented by the American diachronic experience of special triumphs in the in the socio- frugal sectors. All these factors compelled the Americans to assume that their socio- frugal humorl was of universal in nature and must be replicated at the universal level. So this ideology together with sco tch compulsions and mass production preen an impetus to passel the American dream to other geographical locations.The about widespread upkeep for American foreign policymakers remain that America has a peculiar good deal and that destiny must be expanded univers every(prenominal)y. So this ideological underpinning assemble its expression in the strategic and operational instruments of American foreign policies during the destruction decade of 19th century and first half of the 20th century. The closedown of World War II was the America was successful in inculcating their wanted ideals of democracy, capitalism, secrete workmanship etc. in the new world order. major(ip) tenets of American ideology Emily S.Rosenberg (1982) has recognized five underlying principle of the Liberal-Developmentalism ideology that emerged in the depart half of 19th century. According to him, these major traits ar (1) belief that other nations could and should replicate Americas own developme ntal experience (2) faith in private free enterprisingness(3) take hold for free and open access for trade and investment (4) promotion of free flow of information and culture and (5) growing acceptance of g all all overnmental body process to protect private enterprise and to stimulate and regulate American conflict in inter subject economic and cultural exchange.(p. 7) These major tenets of American ideology were inculcated in the spirit and operation of each American foreign policy move. Whether it is annexation of Philippines or colonization of Cuba, these ideological parameters were at the helm of the affairs. moreover, this American mission to extend and export these ideological patterns universally worked under cardinal motives. Religious zeal to spread the American version of Christianity with staple features of American socio-economic standards worked closely with secular and liberal intelligentsia.Evangelical sectors of American life thought that Christianity was a pr erequisite for modernization. So missionaries spread American ideals to different parts of the world. secular sections of American intelligentsia were of the view that national advancements and global progress argon the manifestation of a single dream i. e. to propagate American ideology. Rosenberg (1982) asserts that it was the economic needs, Anglo-Saxon mission, and the progressive impulse that worked together with government endeavor to set an expansionist agenda and one of the motives for these be afters was the spread of American ideology worldwide.Although at that place were differences over the question how to propagate Americanization hardly all these seems converging on a single point that means do not event and it is all active ends i. e. universalizing the American values. (Hunt, 1987) Acquisition of Philippines Acquisition of Philippines in the after struggled part of 1890s generated much controversy across America over the curve. The nation was divided into two opposing groups i. e. imperialisticics and anti-imperialists.The imperialists favored the annexation ascribable to their worldview reportd on ground realties and practical necessities while anti-imperialists preferred to base their stand on idealistic and nostalgic views of mythic American past. imperialistic was of the view that in the changing world scenario, America should change it isolationist agenda and must assess its strength against the imperial force plays of europium in the international arena. The spirit of Manifest Destiny subsisted, and imperialists hankered after to expand the American authority and govern overseas.Their international view was just reinforced by the political, economic and strategic necessities. The anti-imperialists considered the annexation Philippines as an apparent violation of care for American ideals and political traditions. The imperialist viewpoint can be set by having an in-depth look at the ideas and worldviews of the five who created the first genuine American imperialism i. e. John Hay, secretary of state under McKinley and Roosevelt, Alfred T.Mahan, a naval officer and military analyst Elihu Root, secretary of war under McKinley and Roosevelt, and was responsible for the counseling of the Philippines and Cuba Henry Cabot Lodge, the conniving senator from Massachusetts, and Theodore Roosevelt. (Zimmermann X) These paragons of American imperialism considered that in the changing international political scenario, America should not reside in a policy of isolation but must establish its foothold on various strategically important locations. The ultimate goal of this policy dexterity not be territorial gains but it should be strategic monopoly of the international politics and commerce.They advance reinforced the idea that it is a defining moment in the way America is linked to the world. It will provide Americans and their leaders self-confidence, a smell of their own indicator, and an abiding belie f that they could shape international life accord to their values. (Zimmerman I) In addition to these free concerns, economic gains through and through the annexation of Philippines practice on shaped the worldview of the imperialists. President was moved by the touchstone of Asian trade (RTAP 52) and economic motives served a proper background for President McKinleys heroism to annex the islands.His McKinleys object was not a colonial empire but the minimum territory needed to obtain conquest of world markets, along with taking of strategic points necessary to protect the conquest. (RTAP 52) Acting secretary of States William R. twenty-four hour period and Massachusetts republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge considered that the surpluses produced by American factories request huge markets especially China. They were further influenced by Brooks Adams supposition of mettle of money exchanges with a conception that now linked States is in a position to capture the world eco nomy and rule it.Brooks Adam further said, We must eat up new markets unless we would be visited by declines in bribe and by great industrial disturbances, of which signs have not been lacking. The old theory of competing in foreign markets merely by the price of production is no longer predictable. So a navy, coaling stations and ports in the Easthave become essential condition in our times (RTAP 53) Beside the expansionist design and economic necessities, another factor that contributed to hold the entire archipelago under America was military necessity.After attaining military victories in the islands, it was in discriminate to vacate it for other powers to exhort over it. It was a commonly held belief among imperialist that by placing A protectorate seemed unsuitable, since it would place heavy duties on the coupled States without supplying exuberant authority to carry them out and Most American believed that freeing the islands would essence in internal chaos followed by a German, British, or Japanese takeoverNo country made a serious enterprise to deny the Philippines to United States, but at least four aptitude have collided headlong if Washington turned them loose.(RTAP 48) The anti-imperialist worldview was based on sentimental and traditional values of the past. Mostly, it was comprised of ethical and moral issues, Americas anti-colonial origin and past, its democratic traditions and cherished ideals of liberty and freedom. This altruistic viewpoint was further founded in the fear that these imperialist practices would erode the traditional political model of America and would violate the cherished American ideals.Yet for all their passion, the enemies of the new imperialism seemed unfashionable and out of touch. They looked back to a mythic American past, while Roosevelt and his friends move claim to a bountiful futurethe anti-imperialists were on the losing end of historical change. (Zimmermann VIII) Additionally, anti-imperialists Amer ican worldview was work by military manitarian and racial issues and anti-imperialists denounced that like African American, the Filipinos would be treated the same way and would be negated the basic human rights provisions.This perspective was further supported by feminist stance that set Filipinos as the American women who are governed without their consent (RTAP 55) Some racial views suggested that enculturation of Philippines Eastern friendship would harm the social fabric of American society and would have negative effects on the future prospects of American social development. The imperialist position was based on concrete ground realities.Their basic agenda was expansionism or Americanism (as Roosevelt put it) but it also included the latent political, economic and strategic advantages for America whereas anti-imperialist worldview was grounded in outmoded idealism of the past. imperialist viewpoint had more practical and beneficial motivation to annex Philippines as Rep ublican Senator Lodge said in the senate, the enormous material benefits to our trade, our industries, and our childbed dependant upon a right settlement of this question (RTAP 54) Due this imperialist worldview, since 1898, Americas role in the world changed for invariably.A country that had restricted her power and influence to the western hemisphere suddenly obtained a global reach that it would neer relinquish (Zimmerman I) This clearly manifested that American annexation of Philippines were make by a combination of various factor in which economic necessities and spreading of American dream i. e. to Americanize the peninsula were the chief objectives. Spanish-American War Spanish-American was another important geo-strategic enterprise that mark the emergence of U. S.as an important international player. Though war marked the beginning of American Imperialism, but war itself was not ca employ by the imperialist or expansionist designs of Americans. The war, as Prof. Blum p uts it, grew out of the deplorable conditions in Cuba and seems intolerable to an aroused popular sentiments in the United States. (Blum, p. 502) Another reno3wned historian Samuel Morison consider this exercise a totally emotional enterprise and says, no war was ever more or emotional and less economic in motives (Morison, 1982.p. 801) But his assertion on another occasion seems appropriate as it depicts that American exercise was purely based on their cherished ideals of democracy and liberty. He says, This was a closer and more personal war to Americans than either world war and was their own little war for liberty and democracy against all that tyrannical, treacherous, and fetid in the Old World. (p. 802) America found an apt time and place to exercise their ideological patterns.At last the nation distinguished manifested itself as a major world power and tried to play a vital role in the broad international arrangements for the fist time. It consciously became one of the tutors of the backward nation. Under much(prenominal) pro-consuls as General Leonard Wood, it tried to implant their own ideology in Cuban soil and undertook huge task of psychological and material reformation, reorganizations and development in Cuba. Rosenberg says that General Wood vowed to create a polity molded closely upon lines of our great Republic. Wood brought in a host of experts to regulate Cuba. Americans assumed direction of customhouses (the major source of government revenue), controlled the countrys finances, organized a putal service, established telephone and telegraphic lines, encourage railroads and shipping facilities, built road, carried out sanitation projectsestablished schoolsand invited bracing York urban center Police to organize their counterparts in Havana. (p. 46) All these measures were intended to Americanize the socio-cultural and economic spheres, both at the ideological and material levels.Rosenberg further says that Cuba thus became a laboratory for methods of influence that fell short of outright colonialism. (p. 47) But recital manifested that outright colonialism and subjugation of other nation is an outdated phenomenon. Furthermore, direct colonialization and annexation produced resentment and sentiments of hatred among the dominated nation. So it was a not a suitable mechanism to spread the American dreams and its various ideological expressions. So American spirit for exporting their cherished ideals devised new means to have control on the other geographical territories and to mold their society on American pattern. angiotensin converting enzyme of such mechanisms was Howard Tafts horse fragility. Taft wad enthusiastic about the military preparedness as his predecessor Roosevelt was. He therefore used the level of American investments to boost American diplomacy. Fearing the designs of Japan in China, Taft believed that if not checked Japan would not only seize the entire northbound China but also freeze out Amer ican trade in the Far East. Consequently, he supported the construction of American financed railroads in Manchuria with a view to checkmate the Japanese and to preserve the Open approach in China.He encouraged the bankers to invest their surplus in foreign areas of strategic importance to the United States, especially in the Far East and the regions that might menace the Panama Canal. He feared hat if the American investors would not come forward, investors from rival powers like Germany would make the necessary investments and gain control over the seas. But as the American capital have never been provoke in making investments in Manchuria, the State incision even brought bosom on the reluctant banks to invest in this region.This new policy of Dollar diplomacy that substituted dollars for bullets was complete violation of the liberal ideological tenets of freedom of investment. Furthermore this dollar diplomacy was prompted by strategic and imperialist concerns i. e. to check the speedily growing power of Japan in China instead of promotional objectives. (Nearing and Freeman, 1925) This clearly manifest that sometime during the period 1890-1945, some strategic and confession objective overweighed the higher objective of spreading American ideology abroad and creating a new socio-economic world milieu based on American ideals.Post World War I Foreign policy and it correlation with ultranationalistic ideology A case Study of Germany During World War I, United States was deeply involved in the affairs of the world and allied win he victory mainly due to the support of men, money and materials they got from United States. But after the war ended, most of the American people started on the whole step that it was folly on their part to have entered the war because in soften for what America gave to the allies, she received nothing.Consequently there was a rethinking about the foreign policy. In the meanwhile Republicans came to power in America and enu nciated a new policy. Harding, the Republican President said about the new foreign policy We render no part in directing the destinies of the worldwe are set up to associate ourselves with the nations of the world, great and small, for conference and counsel, for suggestions of mediations, conciliation and arbitration but every(prenominal) commitment must be made in the exercise of our national sovereignty. (Harding, 1923) It would be wrong to attribute this policy of United States as a policy of isolationism or diversion from the American mission of promoting their national ideology abroad. It can more appropriately be described as the policy of cooperation without entangling alliances. This was due to the fact that new pestilent and profound international mechanisms were forthcoming that can capacitate America to act as a promotional state.A South American writer, Manuel Ugarte has identified the change in American policy in these spoken communication The United States inau gurated the system of annexing wealth, apart from inhabitants or territories, disdaining outward-bound shows in order to arrive at the essentials of domination without a dead-weight of areas to care and multitudes to govern (Manuel Ugarte, 1923). Economic activity was one such subtle mechanism that enabled America to spread its ideology of free trade and capitalistic mode of world commercial activity.Peace was an ultimate requirement for this mechanism to work. Secretary of commerce Herbert Hoover speech about the American economic activity as a tool of American foreign policy provides an important judgment abut the directions pf American foreign policy. By contributing to peace and economic stability, by the loan of our surplus savings abroad for productive purposes, by the spread f interventions over the world, we can contribute to the elevation of standards of upkeep in foreign countries in their relations to each other. (U. S Department of Commerce, 1926)At the time of assumi ng office as president, Harding announced that the league issue was dead as slavery and his administration would not lead United States into the League of Nations by the side door, back door or wine cellar door. Yet in spite of these pronouncements Hardinge as well as Coolidge were compelled to involve their country more deeply into the world arena than ever before. But this time their involvement was on a more subtle and economic level. The first such involvement was in the affairs of Europe when it concluded a peace pact with Germany.As United States has failed to ratify the treaty of Versailles, she was legally speaking still at war with Germany. In July 1921, relation passed a resolution by which peace was declared. By this treaty America showed its willingness to pay for the German property seized during the war. This was a subtle move as leaving Germany in a state of devastation would had resulted in severe consequences for America and its ideological and strategic objectiv es in the region. Bolshevik Russia was a logical choice for Germany if American would have created a vacuum.This meant that instead of ideals of liberalism, democracy and free trade, socialism and close-economy would had have encircled the German economy and socio-cultural life. Frank Costigliola (1984) says in this regard Pacifying and rebuilding Germany was integral to containing the Bolshevik revolution Bolshevik Russia represented both a symbolic and a substantive threat to the nonbelligerent change alternative. Most American leaders viewed the Soviet Union as revolution incarnate, despite Moscows caution and conservatism.If Germanys political and economic structure collapsed, its people, American feared, might in desperation forged a Russian alliance to overthrow both Versailles and capitalism. Their very antagonist to revolution led Hoover, Hughes, and other American leaders to combat the cut policy of rigidly enforcing Versailles, which would only build up pressures for change (p. 96) So resolution of conflicts with Germany, provision of financial, technological and material sustain to uplift the German socio-economic spheres were imperative for Americans.Although these were motivated by certain strategic and political goals but ideological consideration acted as underlying theme in the whole process. This is the reason that Hughes appealed to private experts and economists to come with new strategies and theoretical framework to help Germany in its economic turmoil. Export of popular American culture through various means also helped America to spread its influences and ideology abroad. One manifestation of this soft power i. e. American culture was its film industry. It helped greatly to promote the American ideology abroad and also had effect on trade.Edward G. Lowry as early as 1925 recognized this new factor in the international relationships that has caused the flutter (Lowry, 1925. p. 12) Costigliola is of the view that war weary generation of the due west looked toward technologically advanced America for cultural models and America offered its own institutions and values, or what contemporaries termed Americanism (p. 98) America colonized the European through their soft power especially Films and tried to inculcate their own ideological patterns in the spirit and minds of Europeans.All these evidence and arguments clearly manifest that although American foreign relation was marked with political necessities and economic concerns but ideological underpinning remained an ultimate objective. The political and economic inevitabilities were also manifestation of these ideological underpinnings For example, to influence free trade was a material expression of liberalism that originated from public-private partnership in the American history.American concerns in Philippines, Cuba and post World War I apprehensions in Germany was al amalgam of ideological requirement with geo-strategic obligations but it is also a fact tha t Dollar Diplomacy in Tafts era in China was solely motivated by political needs. But all these method, use of military and non-military means, learnedness of territories, participation in world economic markets, internationalization of American culture, disarmaments agreement, all were to construct a new world order correspond to American ideological patterns.South American writer, Manuel Ugarte has rightly summed up the whole phenomenon in these words The flexibility of North American imperialism in its external activities, and the diverse forms which it adopts according to the circumstances, the racial composition and social conditions of the people upon which its action is exercised, is one of the most significant phenomenon of this century(p. 139) References Blum, John Morton. The National Experience. San Diego Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1985. Connor, William P.United States annexation of the Philippines a reinterpretation. Kingston University of Rhode Island. 1972 Edward G. Lowry. Trade Follows the Film. Saturday Evening Post. 198. (November, 1925) 12-13. 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Rosenberg, Emily S. & Foner, Eric. Spreading the American Dream. New York Hill and Wang, 1982. U. S. Department of Commerce. in Major Problems in American Foreign documents and essays. Boston Houghton Mifflin. 2000. Volker, Karren & Zola, Jaye. The annexation of the Philippines, Denver, CO essence for Teaching International Relations, 1999. Zimmermann,Warren. Jingoes, goo-goos, and the rise of Americas empire. The Wilson Quarterly 22. Spring 1998.