Fast Food Franchises Pakistan Essay

A f on the whole over was conducted amongst several mass from contrary categories of the society to determine the conclusion of this reports research. Also, certain curses to Hesperian dissolute viands privilege were discussed. In this report we coered McDonalds, KFC and pizza pie army hutch as the of import(prenominal) westerly liberty restaurants, with a a few(prenominal)er references to the vacuum tube chain. 2. debut 2. 1. WHAT IS A exemption? A privilege is defined as a legal and commercial relationship between the witnesser of a trademark, service mark, trade name, or advertising symbol and an singular or group wishing to use that identification in a channel.Each certification business has been authorized by a gravel beau monde, or franchisor, to sell their honorables or services either in a retail space or a designated geographical location. The enfranchisement administers the regularity of conducting business between the two parties. Gener each y, a franchisee sells goods or services supplied by the franchisor or that meet the franchisors prime(prenominal) regulars. The franchisee has the rights to market the product or service using the operating methods of the franchisor.The franchisee has the obligation to pay the franchisor certain fees and royalties in exchange for these rights. The franchisor has the obligation to succeed these rights and gener every(prenominal)y support the franchisee. In this sense, franchising is non a business or an industriousness, but a method use by businesses for the marketing and distribution of their products or services. twain franchisor and franchisee get hold of a strong vested interest in the success of the brand and keeping their customers quick. 2. 2. WHAT IS prodigal FOOD? Fast fodder is any provender that is quick, convenient, and ordinarily in big-ticket(prenominal).It is a type of unbendable that so-and-sonister be prep atomic number 18d and served very quickly. s pell any meal with execrable grooming time can be considered to be truehearted sustenance, typic on the wholey the term refers to nutrient for thought sold in a restaurant or inclose with low feel preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-away. Fast aliment can be bought just ab divulge anywhere that sells food and snacks. channel vendors and select-thru restaurants be probably the nearly common places to find betting food. Its so popular because for a cheap price you can usually get a meal thats satisfying.But prodigal food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such(prenominal)(prenominal) as high plump down subject effect and foods that contain dozens of frail fats (satu orderd and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods such as lean shopping centres, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Fast food in Pakistan is in stock(predicate) al close anywhere, and the franchising of international abstain food brands has created a sweet and glad market. 1 2. 3. WESTERN FAST FOOD CHAINS IN PAKISTAN globalization has made our ground a smaller place. Cultural exchange has unfastened our society to inappropriate ideas and foreign foods have entered our country.The following is an introduction of the deuce-ace most famous western franchises in Pakistan 2. 4. McDonalds pic McDonalds counterbalance clear its store in Pakistan in September 1998. Since then, they have opened s levelteen new stores throughout Pakistan. Today, millions of Pakistanis place their trust in McDonalds everyday to generate them with food of a very high quality as come up as good service. In the past five years, the reaction to McDonalds advance from Pakistanis has been overwhelming. before long, Lakson Group Companies has interpreted over McDonalds Corporation, USA and a local anaesthetic companion making it a ampere- twinkling% owned and channelised Pakistani company.The first-year assemble of g olden arches began shining cover charge in September 1998 in the metropolis of Lahore. The opening was met with great excitement, and about a week later the McDonalds in Karachi opened. As of 2005, at that place were 18 restaurants in Pakistan 7 in Karachi, 1 in Hyderabad, 9 in Lahore, and 1 in Faisalabad. 1 2. 5. KFC pic In Pakistan KFC was franchised by Artal Restaurants International in 1997. it was a Belgium based business group. KFC opened its first restaurant in Pakistan in 1997 at Nipa Chorangi, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC opened its first restaurant in Lahore, in June 1997, which was third in Pakistan.Today, KFC has much than 43 restaurants in Pakistan. The market is ripe for many more than restaurants and the investors be acuate to invest. In 2001, KFC franchise was taken over by Gray macintoshkenzie Restaurants International. Currently KFC in Pakistan is owned by a Dubai based company Cupola which is the pieces largest restaurant strategy with over 32,500 restau rants in more than 100 countries and territories. KFC is in a phase of growth and is expanding rapidly. The quality of their product is convincing the customers non to shift to any other brand.KFC has won several awards for on that blot good food quality, customer relationship and for providing heart and soul of income for the masses of the country. The company is presently a giant in the fried chicken persistence as on that point competitors are far behind. Presently they are assay to innovate on that point products for the ease of the customers, and they are as well as focusing on providing there customers with more healthy food. KFC is expected to dominate the huge local market of fast food restaurants in the Pakistan and provide high quality and healthier food to their customers.KFC has a huge scope of progressing notwithstanding and has lots of opportunities in local market. KFC is expected to have more than 100 branches all over Pakistan in the near future. 2 2. 6. PIZZA HUT pic When it was initially opened in Pakistan, over 10 years ago in celestial latitude 1993, pizza hut got a very good rejoinder by the Pakistani adoptr base. pizza pie hutchPakistan is trifleing under a franchise agreement between MCR (Private) Limited and TRICON Restaurants International (Former Pepsi Co restaurant International). pizza chantey Pakistan reports to TRICON (India) & TRICON Singapore simultaneously.Pizza field hut opened its first takings in Clifton Karachi and the raft of Pakistan pleasantd them with open arms. As most restaurants do, Pizza Hut did not facial gesture the problem of taste development because it introduced almost of the local taste in their Pizzas, identical Chicken Tikka Pizza, Masala Pizza and Chappli Kebab Pizza. Currently, Pizza Hut has 14 outlets in all over Pakistan and it silent aiming to further expand. It is the market bakshisher in the pizza market inwardly Pakistan. 3 3. frugal AND SOCIAL jolt The establishment o f western franchise fast food imprisonment in Pakistan has modify the business activities to some extent.They have as well as developed new tastes for our society and keepstyles. here are a few aspects of how McDonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut have contributed in our economy and social lives. 3. 1. pic McDonalds in Pakistan is currently employing about 1,000 Pakistanis and each store is managed by Pakistani managers. McDonalds has investment of over Rs 300 crore in the country and payment of taxes and duties amounting to more than Rs 100 crore. Since McDonalds is doing so well in Pakistan they will continue to grow and add more stores in more cities in the future. The managers working for Lakson, reportedly monthly to the McDonalds headquarter set(p) in Illinois. In the eighteen restaurant located in Pakistan all of the employees, managers as well as those working for Lakson are of Pakistani descent. Since McDonalds first opened in Pakistan back in September of 1998 they have bee n able to add things to their wag that cater to the need of the Pakistanis culture. Almost all the throng of Pakistan practice Islam. The Moslem dietary laws are called Halal. Halal is also the term for permitted foods. Prohibited foods as described in the Quran are called Haram. nigh of these foods include porc and birds of prey, alcohol is also prohibited and stimulants, such as coffee and tea, are avoided by the most devout. There are also guidelines on how meat must be slaughtered. McDonalds has tried to work with this by prepare outing menu choices such as the McArabia that are acceptable for Muslims. In Muslim countries all of McDonalds meat is slaughtered and prepared according to Islamic Halal standards. not that long ago McDonalds change their burgers, cookies, and hamburger buns so they do not contain any lard, making more acceptable to more plurality in Pakistan. They also keep the classics on the menu. They do scis incontestable what they call a McArabia, which is chicken on flatbread with a special sauce and they also cover many of the originals such as the Big Mac and hamburger with chicken. So while McDonalds has modified their menu to include some local favorites they have also kept the infamous burgers and meals. As does the McDonalds in the unify States, the McDonalds in Pakistan also caters to the children of the community of interests. They offer four types of happy meals, which of course include a toy.Currently with the purchase of a happy meal the kids get a Kung Fu Panda Movie toy. Another kindle fixation that McDonalds Pakistan is doing is they are now offering their McDelivery service excuse of charge. This delivery service will deliver all menu items to customers with coiffure of RS 150 or more. Since this service is relatively new it is merely offered at two stores at this time. They include Karachi and Lahore, but other locations will be added to this list soon. Just like the McDonalds in the United States they al so hold birthday parties at McDonalds in Pakistan.They even offer birthday packages with food and moves for the kids. McDonalds has also become involved in the Pakistani community by taking part in local projects and charities. As give tongue to in their vision McDonalds is firmly committed to giving back to the communities they operate in. They take part by giving m iy they receive in stores every month to Darul Skoon (orphan house). When McDonalds opened its first store in Pakistan the drive through lines were seven kilometers long. With lines this long is was obvious that many Pakistanis were happy to welcome McDonalds into their homes. According to The News International McDonalds in Pakistan has sold more burgers in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. With only 18 stores currently in Pakistan this shows how lodge in McDonalds is. Many people are excited to have McDonalds because it is a brand-name and it gives them the luck to enjoy the same things that foreigners e njoy. McDonalds costs the same in Pakistan as in the US, and given the per capita GDP disparity between the two countries, it is the cheapest food in the United States, while being one of the most expensive in Pakistan.Even with the high cost people are still flocking to McDonalds. McDonalds business operation in Pakistan overall has been a muster out success for the McDonalds Corporation as well as the Pakistani community. Both parties involved have gained more than their anticipated outcome from the ar equal of McDonalds back in 1998. In the future it is believed that McDonalds will continue to grow within Pakistan and throughout the world. It is also felt that the Pakistani people will work very hard to keep McDonalds name and food service at the high quality people are used to. 4 3. 2. picThe government of Pakistan receives over Rs. 10 million per month from KFC Pakistan as direct taxes. Around 95% of all food and packaging material used in KFC Pakistan is produced locally, which sums up to a purchase of over Rs. 35 million per month. For each new outlet developed by KFC Pakistan, it costs approximately Rs. 40 million, which is a huge amount for Pakistani construction industry. The products of KFC are not relatively cheaper than the other brands in the market but still it doesnt matter much because the quality as compared to there competitors is so good that people still go to KFC.KFC has tried to cater to the local environment in late years and some achievements and adaptations include Offered discounts on festival like Eid and Ramzan (all you can eat deals). Expansion of outlets throughout Pakistan. Children diversified products (nuggets, chicky meals). Im be sugariness section (deal with Walls ice cream). Employing over 1000 Pakistanis. Introduction of local menu such as Arabian rice. 5 3. 3. picOne of the greatest vividnesss of Pizza Hut is its strong brand name. Pizza hut is a long-familiar and popular chain of restaurants not only al l over the world but also in Pakistan as well.Its positive brand figure of speech has furthered processed it gain a competitive edge in the market. Pizza Hut offers a antithetical varieties of pizzas that agree with the tastes of all members of the target market. Main strength lies in the variety of deals offered by Pizza Hut from time to time. Deals such as Midnight Deal and Rupee 1 Deal actually help attract customers from different income segments. It has also pioneered in introducing membership cards to offer the members pizza at discounted rate. Special dicount cards are also offered. up to now strength of Pizza Hut is the large number of outlets that can be found all over Karachi and also within Pakistan. Pizza Hut has its outlets in all major areas of Karachi. Pizza Hut branches also have an unmatched atmospheric state not found in other restaurants. The ambiance and the environment and the feeling of just being there and being seen there is also unmatched by its comp etitors. Pizza Hut employs thosuands of Pakistanis. Another sexual strength of Pizza Hut is that it has an attractive compensation program and low employee overturn.It provides best compensation package in the industry. It has a Health bang Policy, according to which it provides medical facilities to all its employees. Thus resulting in lower employee turnover rate. Pizza hut branches,such as the one in Clifton, Karachi , have installed arcades to provide recreation for children. Dot puzzles and a colouring layout is designed behind te dinner mats for the children. 6 3. 4. PUBLIC SURVEY ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT A host of people were surveyed during this research to obtain the global macrocosm opinion on western franchises contributions picThe survey conducted amongst several people in the writing of this report shows a general agreement that international franchise does bring valuable investment and income to Pakistan. roughly people agree that there was an increment i n government revenue since franchises were established here. pic The general survey suggests that most people consider the investment and revenue generated by the franchise industry as the most valuable contribution. sociable progress was considered least(prenominal) weighty whereas the various career opportunities opened up by the franchise industry fared as the second best contribution.Many people concord that the exposure to western culture through fast food was most-valuable too. pic In recent years, the health oriented access code to diet has taken a grasp over our society. Fast food is generally considered unhealthy because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat and foods that contain lots of unhealthy fats (saturated and trans-fats) and cholesterol, instead of nutritious foods. However, the survey indicated that though the fast food maybe considered as unhealthy, the healthy approach to life does not affect the fast food industry very much.Howe ver, most people surveyed (33%) were not sure about this factors have-to doe with on business. 4. PROBLEMS AND THREATS face up BY WESTERN FAST FOOD FRANCHISE Every business in Pakistan faces certain problems, and the western fast food franchises are no exceptions. Developing a franchise restaurant in a new country is difficult, and maintainence of business and market strenght is the toughest job for theses franchises. Here are a few problems they set about by Mcdonalds, KFC and Pizza Hut once they were established in Paksitan 4. 1. PROBLEMS AND THREATS. pic POLITICAL McDonalds, being an American restaurant, has faced problems receivable to politics and had to deal with the instability of the government. In 2007-08, Pakistan was having problems with their President Pervez Musharraf, an important US ally. There is also the conflict with Kashmir which could cause U. S. relations to expend and cause McDonalds business in Pakistan to drop dramatically. GLOBAL Another rile that ca n cause future problems for McDonalds is if the United States were to pull out the wait on they are providing Pakistan for any reason.At that time since Musharraf was backing President chaparral in the war on terror the United States was giving a large amount of aid and highly beneficial trade deals to Pakistan. every mishap between the US and current Pakistani government can destroy the American business and influence. SECURITY Some people who were fierce about the bombings in Afghanistan in 2001immediately related McDonalds back to the United States and began to vandalize the property. Many people believe that McDonalds in one of the most popular American symbols, which of course puts it at risk when semipolitical upheaval begins.So while many Pakistanis enjoy McDonalds others see it as an American company and proceed to vandalize it due to what is going on with the war. There has been protesting against U. S. led attacks against Iraq and some groups have chosen to boycott ag ainst all western products including McDonalds. Along with these boycotts sales dropped a little, but there were not any drastic changes. 7 pic LOCAL FOODS One of the mian competion for western franchises is the local food industry. Pakistan has a vast arsenal of traditional local menus.Hence, KFC still needs to capture fast food market because their market share in Pakistan is still low as compared to their competitor. DIESEASE In 2005-07, Pakistan faced major a crises on the breakage of the bird flu virus. As KFCs main specialty is chicken, in time of epedemics like bird flu they face heavy losses. KFC still needs to innovate their products to maintain competitive advantage. politics Politics has played a major role in the franchise food business. A couple of years back in Pakistan a few of KFCs branches were burned because the people thought that they were generating money for the US. wellness mover Fried Chicken is usually considered the most fat-containing food item. Oil in which chicken is fried is high in cholestrol, and the healthy approach to diet in recent years may hinder KFCs growth. picLOCAL FOODS A major scourge for Pizza Hut is the competition from local restaurants. not only are other franchises a threat but also local restaurants such as Lal Qila, Usmania, Village etc. these restaurants pose as a potential threat to Pizza Hut because they also offer food which is the ultimate aim of the customer. POLITICAL Pizza Hut, being an American franchise restaurant, has faced problems similar to that of KFC and McDonalds due to politcal reasons. Hostilty towards American influences can lead to a decrease in sales and hamper business activity. HEALTH FACTOR Food form Pizza Hut is considered relatively heavy, due to the massive amounts of cheese used in their pizzas. The ever present salad quit has not dispelled health concerns as people believe that the sauces used in the salad themselves contain heavy fat contents. Pizza Hut has, however, tri ed to diversify its menu with the introduction of new appetizers. 4. 2.PUBLIC SURVEY ON PROBLEMS AND THREATS FACED BY WESTERN FAST FOOD Many people had their own opinions on which problem threatens the western fast food industry the most in Pakistan. One of the major issues was the health factor as the point of well balanced diet is highly debatable in legal injury of fast food. pic Many people believe that the most important threat faced by western fast food franchise is the security. Most franchises are of American origin, and hence the on going war on terror hugely affect Pak-US relations. Also, any instabilty in the political system can turn the franchise into victims of vandalism.A large propotion of people also expressed that the vast local food industry challenges the strenght of the western fast food franchise. They argued that since local foods are cheaper, few people can bear up under western fast food. Those who argued for global crises claimed that the recent recessio n can turn over western fast food unaffordable. 4. 3. HEALTH FACTOR AS A THREAT pic A majority of people agreed that the main rival to KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut is the more healthier menu of underpass. metro offers a large variety of healthy meals with heavy vegetable and protein content as compared to other franchises.Hence Subway is a major threat to the business of these franchises. pic This survey on health was again conducted, but from a different angle. KFC and its fried chicken, which is highly oily, was considered appropriately as the most unhealthiest restaurant. However, in this second survey most people also argued that the many sauces used by Subway in its sandwiches contain large fat contents, so Subway may not necessarily pose a huge threat to the other franchises. 5. GENERAL CONSUMER RESPONSE In this report, research was also conducted on factors which compell the people to eat in these western fast food franchises.For this advise we would like to like to cate gorize people as follows i) Low kinsperson people ii) Middle category people iii) High category people Their responses are i) Low category people- These people eat fast food very seldom. They visit fast food restaurants only at special occassions,as it is not that much easy for everyone to afford the quality food provided by the western fast food franchises like KFC, McDonalds etc. Some of these people dont hope to waste their money on fast food, and kinda have food at their own homes. Besides this, these people are also not habitual of fast food.They are not support the fast food business in Pakistan. Even if fast food has been banned in this country, these people wont be affected in any way. ii) Middle category people- These people consume fast foods on a consistent basis. It depends upon the status factor. Many people like to boast about having dinner in a foreign and branded restaurant. They eat out in these restaurants once or even twice in a week. They pay a valuable respon se to fast food as they look for quality food and this response encourages the western fast food franchises. iii) High category people-The people in this category have fast foods very often. They not only look for quality foods but they consider it as a means of having fun with friends. The natural ambience of these restaurants is also a major attracter to them. No matter how high the prices of food items at western fast food franchises go, these people are always ready to pay. They are circumstances to increase the trend of fast foods in Pakistan, which definitely encourages their business. Besides these categories there are also some health conscious people (as discussed previoulsy) who donot want eat fast food because of fat contents in these fast foods.Such people can be found in all categories discuused above. Reasearch on most important factor for dining in a western franchise fast food is as follows pic The unmatchable quality of food offered by the western franchise fast f ood restaurants is the main factor of attracting people. Fast food is also widley considers to be tasty, as proved by the above consesnus. The price of food at these restaurants is also substantive when opting to eat there. A very few people just dine in these restaurants because of the ambience and its attractiveness. The following is the survey on peoples privilegeences of various fast food franchises picMost people, particularly here in Karachi, prefer to dine at Pizza Hut. It is the different variety of pizzas offered that has given Pizza Hut its widespread popularity. Also most Pakistanis generally enjoy heavy diet, and pizzas pull through this desire. As seen above, very few people enjoy the light delicacies offered by Subway. Chicken constitutes in the basic diet of people here, and it is no surprise to see KFC score 31%. 6. CONCLUSION In culmination, we would like to terminate that the establishment of western fast food franchises in Pakistan has indeed proved to be a successful business endeavor.The economic and social contributions outweigh the threats they face by a greater margin. With greater and successful planning, the western fast food franchises can easily minimize their threats and problems. Doing so can speed their progressive activities in Pakistan. We can also conclude that the general public response to these franchises in Pakistan is positive and many people are willing to dine at these franchise restaurants because of they high quality and standard they deliver. 7. QUESTIONNAIRE Franchise Food Chains in Pakistan Questionnaire 1. Select below the income skirt you fall under o Rs. 5000-10,000 pmo Rs. 10,000-20,000 pm o Rs. 20,000-40,000 pm o Rs. 40,000 & above pm 2. How often do you dine out in a month o Once o Twice o Thrice o Never 3. Do you prefer Pakistani restaurants or western franchise? o Pakistani o Western 4. For western, kindly rate the following restaurants according to your preferences on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest) o KFC_____ o Pizza Hut_____ o Subway _____ o McDonalds _____ 5. What are the factors you consider most important when dining out in a western franchise? (Rank from 1-5, 1 being the highest) o Price_______ o Ambience_______ o Status Quo_______ o Taste_______.o Quality_______ 6. Do you prize western franchise in food industry is bringing good investments in Pakistan? o Yes________ o If No, then why? 7. In recent years do you think that the more health oriented approach of people has affected the franchise food industry o Yes o No o Not sure 8. Do you agree that Subway offers a healthier alternative to fast food? o Yes o No o Not sure 9. Rank on a scale from 1-5 (1 being the highest) the most important contributions of fast food chains in Pakistan o Career Opportunities ________ o Investment/Revenues ________ o Social Progress ________ o Cultural Exchange ________.10. Has the political situation in Pakistan drastically affected franchise food business o Yes o No o To some ext ent o Not sure 11. What are the factors that can hinder the growth of Franchise food industry in our country? o Political Instability o world-wide Crisis o Security Concerns o Local Food industry o Others, Please specify 12. On a scale of 1-4 (1 being the highest) rate the restaurants which offer the healthiest food. o Pizza Hut _______ o Subway _______ o McDonalds _______ o KFC _______ 13. According to you what percentage of the urban population consumes franchise fast food? o 60%-40% o 40%-20%.o 20%-10% o Less than 10% 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES corporeal Webpage of McDonalds. McDonalds Corporate. 2004. Mar. 2005. . Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 http//www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. hypertext mark-up language http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant http//answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid= http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 1Reference h ttp//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fast-food_restaurant 2 Refer.ence ? Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds.McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. 3 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. 4 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 5 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 6 Reference Corporate Website of Pakistan McDonalds. McDonalds Pakistan. Aug. 2002. Mar. 2005. 7 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/kfc+pakistan/0 8 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/topics/pizza+hut+pakistan/0 9 Reference http//www. fratfiles. com/essays/55556. html.

Development Of An Irrigation System In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay

Subsistence f tree branchers in semi dry discloses of northeastern Tailand face many hazards. Anything from psycheal unwellness to inclement conditions discount target the husbandmans into debt. This working class leave al sensation note the piddle contends for acres in Nong turmoil Dam and Charoen Chai, and vex a suited program for an irrigation arrangement to puzzle out into those demands, thereof enabling the husbandmans to plus their yield outputs. An irrigation arranging could increase reap outputs, cut down the hazard of harvest failure, and perchance let for the add on of a 2nd crop individually class. The excess income gene directd by irrigation to their harvests would dish the husbandmans rise above subsistence agriculture by trying scotchal st satisfactoryness. Our squad encorporate trust essay the conditions in the keen towns, including scope conditions and harvests to footfall the conjure up of personal business and find which irrigat ion body scoop up suits the demands of the villagers. We get out too fork out recommendations for a program for slightly administering water formation from the schema, every billet inviolable as delivering it, twain to be all oerseen by an organisation baseball mitt in glove stretch by the husbandmans.Nong hoo-hah Dam and Charoen Chai atomic number 18 situated in Ubon Ratchathani rural ara, inwardly the sub-district of Nam Khun in Northeastern Thailand. They atomic number 18 98 kilometres from Ubon City and 600 km north-east of Bangkok. Slightly more than half their peoples atomic number 18 Catholic, while the remainder ar Buddhists. Since Catholics ar seen as foreigners in Thailand, a Catholic bulk is highly uncommon in Thailand. in that respect is buncoly a church in the small towns, which sponsors the Nong ruckus Dam and Charoen Chai boorish spring upment Program, which attempts to help the villagers in assorted ways.Ubon Ratchathani is twain Tha iland s east nigh state and the Northeast s nigh populated state, with a universe transcending 1.5 zillion ( Cummings 554 ) . It covers 15 thousand squ be kilometres and has a vast trade of cultivable land. Though Ubon is located on the Khorat Plateau, which is prone to farthermost rhythms of water littleness and implosion therapy, doing conditions uniform to the Afri rear end Savannah ( Fukui 19 ) , it is still an of implication stolon of nutrient for the people of the Northeast.The part s logical implicationance as a study provider of nutrient does non insulate them for the tendencies of the matter sparing formation. The new-fashioned downswing of the Thai economical clay has involveed the husbandmans raze though they are located in a distant function of the state. The devaluation of the Baht has made it progressively hard for husbandmans to turn a pelf income.This is barely one of the many jobs the husbandmans of Nong Dim Dam and Charoen Chai face e veryday. The husbandmans are covering with a broad assortment of opposite jobs including inconsistent rain downfall during the twist temper, scurvy-down dirt that lacks pee and alimentary memory capablenesss collectable to its flaxen composing, low urine tabular array, and diminishing income out-of-pocket to effect beads in the fiscal value of rice ( Lutzky 21 ) . As there is deficient rain during the dry season, from November to April, they are presently curb to turning during the rainy season that extends from May to October. They create gluey rice for personal ingestion, and sell manioc, maize and jute to gain money for necessities they can non pull in forth themselves. This pattern earns the villagers an destine 10,000 Baht per twelvemonth, or $ 253 a twelvemonth. on that point are a see to it of different irrigation corpses. The determination of which governance to cause leave alone depend on a figure of factors including the demands of the husbandmans, harvests large, field size, capacity, water demands for specific harvests, the handiness of weewee, the terrain environing Nong hoo-hah Dam and Charoen Chai, and the budget and organisation of the villagers. The piece testament step these factors and the effects they exiting h previous(a) on both the feasibility and creative activity of the chosen irrigation dust.To carry done and through our trade union movement, our chemical group go forth foremost place a stock of body of water for the irrigation arrangement. No irrigation frame can be effectual with out an equal beginning of pee. We are non likely to rate accessible land pee, such(prenominal) as lakes streams or pools, out-of-pocket to the geographic location of the small town. Likewise, the small towns locations atop a tableland well decrease the chance of big positive structures of weewee of course happening within a sensible likeness of the small towns. Alternate methods to twine up H2O whitethor n involve to be devised to supply H2O to the irrigation system.Our group allow for anyhow measure the H2O demands for from each one type of harvest to find H2O demands for each field. With GIS function, we will build a elaborate map of field locations, ascend and H2O demand. Possibly utilizing H2O famine planning, our group will reexamine the critical volume of H2O needful to do the system toll effectual, and find the feasibleness of an irrigation system.If we determine an irrigation system is executable for the small towns of Nong clamour Dam and Charoen Chai, our group will do recommendations for an irrigation system and develop a system for care and H2O distribution. It is our hope that, one time this irrigation system is implemented, it will be a major(ip) measure for the villagers in their hobby to buy the farm beyond subsistence agriculture.Table of ContentssExecutive Summary I1 Introduction 12 Background 32.1 The Ubon Villages 42.1.1 Nong whirl Dam and Charoen C hai 42.1.2 Subsistence Farming 52.1.3 Catholicity in Thailand 52.2 Ubon Ratchathani 62.3 Agricultural Economy of Thailand 82.4 Agribusiness in Ubon Ratchathani 92.5 Irrigation 112.5.1 Types of Irrigation Systems 112.5.1.1 Sprinkler Irrigation 112.5.1.2 Drip Irrigation 122.5.1.3 Gravity Irrigation 132.5.2 Water Deficit Irrigation 142.5.3 Water Sources 142.5.4 Cost 152.5.5 Factors Affecting the Choice of an Irrigation System 152.5.6 Planing for Farmer Control and concern 172.6 Concerted Principles 193 Methodology 213.1 discern Water Requirements 223.2 Identify Water Sources 233.3 Develop a Plan for an Irrigation System 233.3.1 Assess Terrain Impact 243.4 Develop a Cooperative Water Management Plan 244 Bibliography 26Appendix A. Annotated Bibliography 29Appendix B. Traditional Northeastern Thai Villages 34Appendix C. Cooperative Agencies in Thailand 35Cooperatives Promotion discussion section 35Cooperative Audit Department 35Bank for market-gardening and Agricultural Cooperatives 3 6Cooperative League of Thailand 37Appendix D. Cooperatives in Thailand 38Appendix E. stinting Issues of Cooperatives 39List of FiguresFigure 1. be of Thailand ( Central give-and- borrow Agency ) 7Figure 2. Map of Ubon Ratchathani responsibility ( MSN Learning & A search ) 8Figure 3. Sprinkler Irrigation System ( CA Dept. of Water Resources ) 12Figure 4. Drip Irrigation System ( USDA ) 13Figure 5. Gravity Irrigation ( San Joaquin geological Society ) 14IntroductionDespite the recent displacement in the universe s economic system towards industrialisation, agribusiness remains an economic underlying in many states. Farmers constitute a writeant per centum of the population of many developing states, and of these, many are subsistence husbandmans, turning save draw to feed themselves and their househ rares, with small or no excess. The dangers of farming at this pointedness are instantly evident. Give a miserable step-up season, husbandmans may happen themselves unable feed their house pass ons without buying nutrient they can non afford, therefore traveling into debt. They operate at the subsistence degree because of scarceness of cultivable land, hapless dirt spirit, or deficient entree to H2O and fertilisers.Among the states in southeast Asia, Thailand has really experienced an encouraging growing rate in rural end product, increasing about 2 % per twelvemonth during the 1950s, 5.4 % per twelvemonth from 1958 to 1973, and 3.9 % per twelvemonth from 1973 to 1984 ( Heenan 199 ) . This growing was larger-than-lifely due to the addition in the sum of cultivable land, which increased from 10 million estates in 1850 to about 150 million estates in the 1980s ( Phongpaichit 3 ) . Despite this growing in national farm end product and bucolic land, most farms in the nor-east received few benefits, due largely to hapless dirt quality and fickle rainfall.The small towns of Nong blaring Dam and Charoen Chai, located in Ubon Ratchathani state, rough 98 kilometres from Ubon City in Northeast Thailand, rely on subsistence agriculture. The mean income in the small towns is a paltry 10,000 tical ( about U.S. $ 253 ) per twelvemonth. The Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai Rural Development Program, established by the M new(prenominal) of heartsease Parish, has attempted to augment the villagers income by learning the adult females baking, be given uping, handcraft, inquirelework, and through a savings mobilisation undertaking, leting villagers to gain involvement on their nuzzle eggs, by dish uping the villagers to raise cattles.Though these attempts are well-meaning, they do non turn to the major jobs of hapless dirt quality and unpredictable rainfall, which are maintaining the harvest outputs at a subsistence degree. Without a dependable beginning of H2O, there is no fashion that the husbandmans can progress to profitable agriculture position. The need of cooperation and trust instantly in the small towns, every bit life- threatening as their expressage economic resources, has antecedently pr regular(a)ted an irrigation system from being developed.This undertaking will measure the H2O demands for farming in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and develop a suited program for an irrigation system to imbibe into those demands, therefore enabling the husbandmans to increase their harvest outputs. We will besides supply recommendations for a program for reasonably administering H2O from the system, every bit good as keeping it, both to be overseen by an organisation hand in glove run by the husbandmans. This irrigation system will supply the husbandmans with a dependable beginning of H2O, enabling them to increase their harvest outputs through a 2nd growth season, and therefore leting them to lift above the degree of subsistence agriculture.BackgroundAgribusiness has ache been a basic of Thailand s economic system. Specifically, much of the state moldiness trust on subsistence agriculture, or turning merel y plenty to feed one s household. A deficiency of a dependable H2O beginning is forestall the villagers in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai from traveling beyond the subsistence degree. This subdivision will offshoot present study sing the two small towns, including plans that our help has started. Since the big Catholic population of these two small towns may besides hold a significant sham on our undertaking, we present information on Catholicity in Thailand and, more specifically, how Catholics are perceived by some otherwise Thais.Since we do hold such limited information on the two small towns, we must lend oneself information on the habitual country, Ubon Ratchathani, to extrapolate to Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. After appraising the state of affairs Ubon Ratchathani, we so travel on to the national agricultural economic system of Thailand, which has a important furbish up on the villagers lives. After diging into the broader national issue, we so compress on the ag ribusiness in Ubon Ratchathani, including turning season, common harvests, and jobs confronting the husbandmans.Our undertaking addresses possibly the most critical job of a deficiency of a dependable H2O beginning through the execution of an irrigation system in the small towns. Since urging a system requires a thorough savvy of assorted aspects of irrigation, we so present posteriorground on different types of irrigation systems, factors associating to the scavenge of such a system, and issues of farmer counselor-at-law of the system. Finally, since the building and care of an irrigation system is such a big undertaking, an irrigation co-op may be abstract and, to this terminal, we present some basic concerted precepts. This information should supply a solid footing for doing a recommendation to the villagers of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai.The Ubon VillagesThe elegance and demographic make-up of the small towns we will be working with are really of import factors in dete rmining this undertaking. The under reference worked subdivision will show background on Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, every bit good as information on how spiritual differences may impact our undertaking.Nong Din Dam and Charoen ChaiThe small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai are located in the state of Ubon Ratchathani ( in the subdistrict of Nam Khun ) , about 98 kilometres from Ubon City. The bulk of villagers are subsistence husbandmans, concentrating largely on gluey rice, while turning a small-minded sum of jute and manioc. Steeped in poorness, the mean per capita income in the two small towns is a paltry 10,000 tical ( $ 253 U.S. ) . The small towns make up the Mother of peace of mind Parish, and somewhat more than half the dwellers are Catholic.The church has formed the Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai Rural Development Program, which has implemented several plans to supplement the villagers agricultural income. In a savings mobilisation plan started by one of the sisters in the parish, husbandmans pool their income and let others to discern loans from the pool, to be paid back with involvement. In add-on, the church has begun to learn the adult females of the small towns run uping, handcraft, and needlework, which produces goods to be sold at market for extra income. With the aid of the plan, many of the villagers are now besides raising cattles. Since these plans are run by the Catholic church, it is ill-defined to what degree, if any, the Buddhists in the small town are involved.Subsistence FarmingThe husbandmans in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai can be described as subsistence husbandmans, intending they turn merely plenty nutrient to feed themselves and their households. In old ages where there is a excess it is normally traded or sold for a net income. There are restricting factors that keep them at the subsistence degree including deficiency of technology such as irrigation and tractors, and the hapless quality of the dirt which limi ts the types and outputs of their harvests ( Wikipedia ) .We must severely see that we are covering with subsistence husbandmans when measuring any recommendation for readjustment of traditional methods. There is a significant hazard associated with a full-grown twelvemonth. In the instance of a calamity such as a harvest failure or a natural catastrophe the husbandman will non be able to feed his or her household, and may hold to sell as solidifications including land to make so ( Scott 2 ) . An irrigation system in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai would be an indispensable constituent to extenuation of these hazards and the first measure in a move off from subsistence agriculture.Catholicity in ThailandThe huge Catholic population in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai is untypical of most Thai small towns. It is requisite to analyze the function of Catholic Church in Thailand, every bit good as the general lieu of Thais toward the Catholic religion to find the consequence this spiri tual difference will hold on our undertaking.Thailand s population is preponderantly Buddhist, about 95 per centum. Of the staying five per centum, Muslims make up the largest minority ( Niphon ) . There are merely an estimated 250,000 Catholics in the state ( about 0.4 % of the entire population ) , which is little even compared to the other minorities. In Ubon Ratchathani state, there are 24,967 Catholics, doing up merely 0.32 % of the population, disrespect the presence of a Catholic Diocese ( Cheney ) .Although the people of Thailand are by and large accepting, the Catholics in Thailand are still seen as aliens for several grounds. integrity of these is due to their obvious minority. near of the Catholic parishioners in Thailand are non by and large native Thais. The bulk come to Thailand from neighbouring states, preponderantly Laos, which is a intimately neighbour to the Ubon part. Thai people besides see Catholicism as foreign because many Catholics came to Thailand from antecedently colonized states, adding to the stigma of Catholicism ( Niphon ) . Although these are general tendencies of the relationship between Catholics and Thais, the nature of the relationship between the Catholics and the Buddhists in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai is still ill-defined to us.Ubon RatchathaniThe small towns of concern in this undertaking are located in the state of Ubon Ratchathani. Situated on the boundary lines of Laos and Cambodia, and with a population transcending 1.5 million, Ubon Ratchathani is both Thailand s easternmost state and the Northeast s most populated state ( Cummings 554 ) . screen 15 thousand square kilometres, much of which is cultivable land, the country of Ubon is an of import provider of nutrient for the Northeast s big population ( Lutzky 15 ) . Associating Ubon Ratchathani to Bangkok, the Mittaphap Highway, or Friendship Highway, runs 629 kilometer. Any goods that flow out of Ubon travel on this main road or through Thailand s comple x runway system to Bangkok.Figure 1. Map of Thailand ( Central Intelligence Agency ) contradictory most other parts of Thailand, the Khorat Plateau, upon which Ubon is located, rhythms through extremes of waterlessness and implosion therapy, bring forthing waterless conditions similar to the African Savannah ( Fukui 19 ) . This has badly hindered the agricultural exploitation in the part.Figure 2. Map of Ubon Ratchathani Province ( MSN Learning & A Research )Agricultural Economy of ThailandIt is of import to understand that, while the husbandmans in Ubon Ratchathani are mostly isolated from the remainder of the state, they are still affected by the large national economic system. B come ined by Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, and Cambodia, the Kingdom of Thailand covers 514,000 square kilometres and consists of 4 discriminable parts the North, the Northeast, the Central, and the South, each with distinguishable demographics, clime, and geology. As of July 2003, Thailand had a popu lation of 64 million ( est. ) , doing it one of the universe s 20 most thickly settled states, despite its modest size ( Cardinal Intelligence Agency ) . In the decennary in advance 1995, Thailand enjoyed its greatest productiveness and growing. In the undermentioned old ages at that place was a terrible economic downswing taking to the devaluation of the Baht and a national recession. The downswing resulted from radical jobs, banking jobs, deficiency of skilled labour, and mounting jobs with economic inequality. In response, the Thai administration enacted strong steps to assist re crap the economic system to its old province ( fryer 1 ) .Despite industrialisation in recent old ages, Thailand remains a to a great extent agricultural state. However, while agribusiness histories for 40 % of Thailand s work force ( Fryer 1 ) , it makes up merely 8 % of all exports ( US 2003 Economic Summary ) . Because of this disparity, nutrient excesss, which are by and large a infrequency in de veloping states, are a common happening in Thailand. Thailand s high proportion of land proprietors to non-land proprietors is besides uncommon in the underdeveloped universe. This low rate of occupancy, combined with Thailand s by and large big farms ( by Asian metres ) has led to a higher criterion of life in Thailand than in other developing states. For case, the authorities privatized many concerns that were once government-own. In add-on, the banking and fiscal systems were restructured ( Fryer 1 ) .The Thai small town economic system has existed for 100s of old ages and, like the national economic system, relies to a great extent on agribusiness, and is frequently referred to as an arm s length economic system, which reflects the little graduated table of farming in Northeast Thailand. Most husbandmans in the part sell their goods to middle work forces, who are in bend sell to jobbers or other types of markets. This system implies an unfastened market where purchasers and Sellerss can exchange to whoever gives them the best monetary value, frequently in an informal auction format ( Warr 81 ) .Agribusiness in Ubon RatchathaniUnderstanding some rudimentss behind the agribusiness in northeast Thailand and some of the jobs blighting the husbandmans will be critical to the success of our undertaking. There are two distinguishable seasons, a rainy season that extends from May to October and a dry season from November to April, with a average one-year rainfall in the part of 1600 mm ( Lutzky 17 ) . Crops are planted around the tertiary hebdomad of July, and are harvested in November. The principal(prenominal) harvests in the small towns let in rice, maize, jute, and manioc. The small towns grow two types of rice gluey ( gluey ) and non-glutinous ( non-sticky ) rice. The gluey assortment is grown for personal ingestion, while non-sticky rice is principal(prenominal)ly produced for sale ( Lutzky 18 ) . chemic fertiliser is utilize to over 90 % of the ric e grown in the country, while manure is utilize to approximately 85 % . Some husbandmans do utilize irrigation all the same, this is limited due to technological and fiscal limitations ( Lutzky 19 ) . Most northeasterly Thai husbandmans lack machinery, and by and large engage others with machinery to assist them with convulsing and milling, though they usually harvest by manus ( Lutzky 20 ) .The husbandmans in the country environing Ubon are covering with a broad assortment of jobshapless dirt that lacks H2O and alimentary keeping capablenesss due to its overly flaxen composinglow H2O tabular arrayenvironmental vituperate due to improper fertiliser fashion, andinsects and diseaseinconsistent rainfall during the turning season( Lutzky 21 )IrrigationAn irrigation system has been identified as a result for the husbandmans of Nom Ding Dam and Chaoren Chai to extenuate many of the hazards associated with subsistence agriculture, and possibly to travel beyond subsistence farming who lly. To luckyly do recommendations for an irrigation system, nevertheless, the group must foremost get ahead a through apprehension of many different aspects of irrigation. The undermentioned subdivisions stop the different types of irrigation systems, factors that go into taking them, information sing H2O beginnings and cost, the construct of H2O shortage irrigation, and constructs for farmer-managed irrigation systems.Types of Irrigation SystemsThere are several available systems of irrigation to be considered for usage in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. We must analyze these different types to prink a footing for our recommendation. The undermentioned subdivision examines third major types of irrigation systems sprinkler irrigation, fall irrigation and gravitation irrigation.Sprinkler IrrigationThis system, an illustration of which can be seen below, has gained popularity over the old ages due to it ease in operation and its usage of visible radiation and chintzy aluminium piping. The chief elements of a sprinkler system are the beginning of H2O, the chief grapevine, the bomber chief grapevines, the sprinkler laterals, and the sprinklers. Gravity fed lines or a suming system force H2O through the system and onto the Fieldss. The chief grapevine of this system brings H2O from the beginning to the Fieldss these pipes are by and large made of any PVC or aluminium. The bomber chief pipes branch off the chief pipe and present the H2O to the single Fieldss, frequently running along the boundaries of the Fieldss providing the H2O to the sprinkler laterals. The sprinkler laterals supply the H2O from the pipes to the existent sprinklers, which spray the irrigated H2O over the coveted country. As pumps are frequently expensive, there is important cost associated with the equipment utilise in this type of operation. Construction of this system is reasonably simple, nevertheless ( Finkel 193 ) .Figure 3. Sprinkler Irrigation System ( CA Dept. of Water Resour ces )Drip IrrigationDrip irrigation is similar to sprinkler irrigation in that pumps or gravitation deliver H2O to the Fieldss in the same manner. When the H2O reaches the Fieldss, nevertheless, it is non sprinkled over the harvests, but a system of porous pipes is used. The pipes rest on the land, as seen below, and supply H2O to the dirt at a slower rate than that of sprinklers. The porous pipes deliver H2O straight to the base of the workss, cut pop the losingss to evaporation, and therefore doing this system more efficient. The pumping equipment that may be necessary to travel the H2O in this system is besides expensive but, once more, building is non hard ( Finkel 247 ) .Figure 4. Drip Irrigation System ( USDA )Gravity IrrigationGravity irrigation is another major type of H2O bringing. This system besides uses a chief H2O beginning but uses gravitation instead so a pump to travel the H2O. Furrows or canals, similar to the 1 seen below, are frequently used as a manner of presen ting H2O to the Fieldss, but husbandmans can utilize different types of piping as an option. This system is labour intensive because the furrows and canals need to be built and keep, but is cheap due to the deficiency of pumping equipment. An added favor with gravitation irrigation, nevertheless, is the topography of the land due, to its trust on gravitation. This system works best on degree or moderate inclines ( Finkel 349 ) .Figure 5. Gravity Irrigation ( San Joaquin Geological Society )Water Deficit IrrigationMost irrigation systems assume a close infinite H2O beginning. When watering in semi-arid parts, this is non a feasible premise. A H2O shortage theoretical account recognizes a limited H2O supply and adjusts to run into those considerations. Water shortage irrigation, merely set, is under-watering a works to maximise H2O dispersion among a larger figure of workss ( Gorantiwar ) . Gorantiwar and Smout define the intent of under-irrigation as to distribute available H2O ov er a big country, thereby increasing the entire usage of H2O or energy per building block irrigated. Both energy and H2O usage will necessitate to be minimized for an irrigation system in Charoen Chai and Nong Din Dam, due to a deficiency of financess and the scarceness of H2O. Under-irrigating harvests will non give crops of a superior quality in fact, the harvested fruits will be little and developing. By tight teaching of H2O, nevertheless, the unconscious process can increase the volume/mass of a crop by up to 40 % ( Gorantiwar ) .Water BeginningsFarmers can utilize a figure of H2O beginnings to obtain H2O for irrigation. These beginnings include the ocean, rivers, watercourses, springs, lakes, purchased H2O, Wellss, and rainfall ( Hackelman 1-7 ) . Unfortunately, due to the limited budgets of the husbandmans and the geographic location and terrain, the bulk of these beginnings will non be executable. We are non likely to happen accessible land H2O, such as lakes, watercour ses or pools, due to the geographic location of the small town. Farmers could buy H2O, but its cost is prohibitory. There is a important sum of precipitation. Eighty-eight per centum of the mean rainfall, nevertheless, occurs between May and October ( Lutzky 17 ) . To use this beginning of H2O we would hold to invent a system to roll up and hive away excess rain during the rainy season for usage during the remainder of the twelvemonth.CostTo measure and compare the costs associated with each irrigation system we must take both the sign investing and the long term costs into consideration. The initial investing is comparatively easy to measure. wholly outgo associated with the purchase of constituents, stuffs, and the building of the system make up the initial investing. Long-run costs can be broken up in to two groupings, fixed and variable costs ( Roth 103 ) . Fixed costs take in irrespective of whether or non the system is in usage. Depreciation, revenue enhancements and in surance are illustrations of these. They are besides known as the cost of having a system ( Roth 104 ) . Variable or operating costs are disbursals that occur due to the usage of the system, and include repairs/maintenance, fuel, oil, and labour ( Roth 105 ) .Factors Affecting the Choice of an Irrigation SystemWhen be afterwardsing the execution of an irrigation system it is necessary to see many factors. Several of these include the H2O beginning, topography, clime, dirt types and harvests.Several factors affect the effectivity of a H2O beginning, includingliftsizeacceptable flow ratedistance from Fieldss ( affects the demand for a pump ) , andH2O quality ( presence of chemical deposits ) .The topography of the part ( the incline of the terrain ) can be a confining factor in taking an irrigation system. Farmers can utilize all systems on minimum to check inclines, but can merely utilize drip irrigation on centre inclines. The uniformity of the incline can impact the flow of H2O in all types of systems but is by and large non a job for the three prevailing irrigation systems discussed before ( Finkel 37 ) .We must besides see the clime of the irrigated part when measuring the pick of an irrigation system. Sprinkler systems are non suited for blowy conditions, as air current can greatly interrupt the uniformity of the system and increase vaporization well. The temperature and humidness greatly affect the efficiency of a sprinkler system by helping vaporization. In the instance of high temperatures and low humidness, it is best to utilize trickle or gravitation irrigation ( Finkel 39 ) . dope in the irrigated part is besides an of import consideration, as it can impact the lacrimation method. Soils with high wet capacity require H2O less frequently but necessitate more H2O each person lacrimation. Dirts with low wet capacity need H2O more lots and do increased losingss due to runoff ( Finkel 39 ) .The type of harvest being grown besides has important imp ortance when sing an irrigation system. totally types of irrigation are suited for row harvests. Gravity irrigation is best for closely disordered harvests and groves ( Finkel 42 ) .Planing for Farmer Control and MaintenanceHarmonizing to Yoder and Thurston, when planing an irrigation system to be run and maintained by husbandmans, there are five chief elements of a successful image action. The end procedure should 1 ) be insurance-driven, 2 ) be field-based, 3 ) have farmer engagement, 4 ) include processs for larning from experience, and 5 ) fuse local logic, cognition, and experience ( Yoder 10 ) .Any successful irrigation function undertaking must province clear policies that should back up husbandman direction and engagement. Though these policies must be clear, they must besides be fictile and able to accommodate to the husbandmans demands. This frequently causes jobs when authorities organisations are involved, as their budgeting regulations are frequently really rigorous, and can do important holds. Government policy should besides back up farmer ownership of H2O supplies and the irrigation bottom ( Yoder 10 ) .To decently ease the design of a system, applied scientists of the system must pass important clip in the field. This is indispensable to fix the proper sum of husbandman engagement in the design. Engineers in the field can really see the physical location where their system will be implemented, every bit good as interact with the husbandmans to conflate suggestions. Though elaborate designs are frequently hard to do in the field, many irrigation undertakings do non necessitate such item. These frequently must be adjusted during the reason building stage anyways, and really are non postulate for all but the most complex systems ( Yoder 10-11 ) .If the system is to be owned and operated by husbandmans, their engagement in the full design procedure is important to the success of the undertaking. Engineers must show a positive atti tude toward and keep healthy relationships with the husbandmans. In add-on, it is critical that they meet with husbandmans frequently to maintain them advised of the advancement of the undertaking and any holds or alterations. They must stay advised of the costs of the undertaking and understand what they will be responsible for. In big undertakings such as irrigation building, it is common for husbandmans to organize husbandman groups, either officially or informally, to promote engagement in the design procedure ( Yoder 11 ) .While it is evident that the applied scientists planing a system must supply preparation to the husbandmans responsible for pull offing it, husbandmans besides do work a cardinal function in supplying information to the applied scientists. The husbandmans have the advantage of holding observed the Fieldss for many old old ages, while the applied scientists can merely detect them for a short clip. To derive as thorough an apprehension as thinkable of the F ieldss, applied scientists must see the field on multiple occasions, and pass on openly with the husbandmans to place issues they may meet ( Yoder 12 ) .An facet of the design procedure that applied scientists frequently overlook is to place the aims of the husbandmans. The applied scientists standards for a good design may non ever fit up with the husbandmans , and this must be determined at an early phase. In add-on, applied scientists should set up a simple and effectual forum to pass on design thoughts to the husbandmans. Yoder and Thurston suggest conveying husbandmans onsite and taging off countries with bets and strings, alternatively of discoursing abstract design thoughts in a big meeting. Another effectual agencies of pass oning design programs is for applied scientists to construct 3-dimensional theoretical accounts of the proposed constructions. If executable, it is besides recommended to take the husbandmans off-site to locations where similar systems have been implem ented. This accomplishes two of import undertakings. It allows the husbandmans to really see a system in operation. More significantly, though, they can discourse the direction issues of the system with other husbandmans ( Yoder 12 ) .Concerted PrinciplesDue to the significant cost of set abouting an irrigation undertaking, it will be necessary for the small towns to move hand in glove by pooling resources and manduction the duties for care of the system. Harmonizing to the international Co-operative Alliance ( ICA ) , a co-op is an independent connecter of individuals united voluntarily to run into their common economic, societal and cultural demands and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled endeavor ( p. 2 ) . The organisation besides identified septette rules which embody the spirit of co-ops. Any organisation, whether formal or informal, that is formed in relation to this irrigation undertaking, should adhere to these rulesMembership in a co-op should be voluntary and unfastened to anybody willing to utilize its services.Cooperatives must be democratically controlled by their members, and those functioning every bit elected representatives of the co-op are accountable to its members.Members must make concern with the co-op in order for it to be successful, and may be rewarded in assorted signifiers for the sum of such concern.Cooperatives must stay independent, and any understandings they enter into must retain that liberty.Cooperatives should supply instruction and preparation to members, representatives, and employees.Cooperation among co-ops is encouraged to function the concerted motion.The concluding rule reads Co-operatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through policies approved by their members ( International Co-operative Alliance 2-3 ) .By adhering to these rules in the formation of a co-op for direction of the irrigation system, we will guarantee equity and equity to all who choose t o take part.MethodologyThis undertaking will measure the H2O demands for farming in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and develop a suited program for an irrigation system to run into those demands, therefore enabling the husbandmans to increase their harvest outputs.The undertaking will take topographical point between January 9, 2004, and March 5, 2004, though we expect that the concluding building of our recommended irrigation system will take well longer. It is of import to concentrate the undertaking to a specific location and therefore, we will include merely the Fieldss in the small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai.The squad plans to carry through the end of the undertaking by transporting out the undermentioned stairssplace the H2O demands of the villagersidentify beginnings of H2O for the irrigation systemdesign a program for a suited irrigation systemassess the impact of the terrain on the irrigation systemdevelop a concerted H2O direction program.Identify Water Requir ementsTo find the feasibleness and complexness of the proposed irrigation system, we will foremost necessitate to place the H2O demands of the villagers. This will affect taking elaborate measurings of the Fieldss of the husbandmans who wish to take part in the undertaking. We will necessitate to find the entire land country we will necessitate to water. In add-on to this, we will map out the harvests that are grown on each field, and the typical H2O demands for each harvest. The H2O demands for each harvest will be determined through mention beginnings and interviews with the villagers. With this combined information, we can find the entire sum of H2O required for harvests for the small town. We will so find the minimal rainfall the husbandmans can anticipate in a given twelvemonth, by looking at rainfall informations for the country, and besides from the husbandman s cognition of annually rainfall. Subtracting this figure from the entire H2O demands of the villagers will give the sum of H2O the irrigation system must supply in a twelvemonth.At this phase, if maps of the small towns are unavailable ( which we expect they wo nt be ) , we plan to map the Fieldss ourselves utilizing a GPS system along with field observations and measurings. While the GPS engineering is inexact, it is cheap and we expect that the fault will non throw off our informations significantly. To bring forth these maps, we will utilize GIS mapping engineering with MapInfo package.This phase of our undertaking will probably affect interviews with the husbandmans, which brings the communicating issue into drama. We are unsure how we will pass on with the villagers. At this point, we plan on the handiness of one of our patrons, either older Lita or Ms. Cipriano, to construe for us.As these informations are important for our undertaking to continue, it should be gathered every bit shortly as feasible. We plan to hold it blameless within the first two hebdomads of the undertaking period.I dentify Water BeginningsAnother measure in finding the feasibleness of the undertaking overall is placing beginnings of H2O for the irrigation system. We will turn up beginnings of H2O through interviews with the villagers and through analysis of maps of the country, if available. on with consideration of inactive H2O beginnings such as pools and reservoirs, we must besides see the sum of rainfall the country receives. It may be possible to integrate a rain aggregation system into the irrigation system, to salvage rain for later usage. Indeed, if there are no surface organic structures of H2O in the country, the system may necessitate to trust wholly on this rainfall aggregation system.These informations are besides important to our undertaking, and should be salt away at the same time with the informations from Objective 1. This should besides be completed within the first two hebdomads of the undertaking period.Develop a Plan for an Irrigation SystemAfter roll uping the antecede ntly mentioned informations, we will be in a place to analyse this information and utilize it to urge a suited irrigation method to run into the demands of the husbandmans. In add-on to confer withing our ain information, it will be of import to garner sentiments and position from the villagers at this phase. Since they will be responsible for keeping the system, it is of import that we take their input into consideration when doing our proposal.Assess Terrain ImpactAs par of developing a program for an irrigation system, we will measure the impact of the terrain on a possible irrigation system. This is necessary to find which types of irrigation systems, if any, would be appropriate, as comparative lift can hold a important impact on the public unveiling of the system.To carry through this, we will seek for lift maps of the country. If we are unable to turn up these, we will map the country ourselves, utilizing either a GPS system, an altimeter, or an oculus degree. This will be t he concluding stage of information-gathering before the existent design procedure begins because it plays such an of import function in the design of the system. This information should be collected by the terminal of the 3rd hebdomad of the undertaking period.Develop a Concerted Water Management PlanFinally, after carefully analysing our informations and urging an irrigation system, we will urge a system for administering the H2O and keeping the system, utilizing recognized concerted rules. We will roll up informations from other small towns with community-managed irrigation systems to find common and acceptable methods for such direction. In add-on, we will interview husbandmans in the small towns to garner their positions and suggestions on this direction system.Again, this presents us with a communicating issue. It will be imperative that we are able to pass on with husbandmans in other irrigation co-ops every bit good as those in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. While we hope to trust on Sr. Lita and Ms. Cipriano to construe in the two small towns, we may necessitate to engage a third-party translator for communicating when we visit other irrigation co-ops. We plan for this work to be ongoing throught the term. We will interview the villagers within the first few hebdomads but the visits to other farms and adept interviews could take topographic point at anytime during the undertaking period.

Kiddie Land Gym Essay

Starting in March Kiddie Land would begin to promote a new a new convergence first-rate Gym Outdoor childrens practice philia. The problem or the issue was the society has never shipped something this big, they had to come up with ideas of how to even out a profit and how to reach it to the customers.Case Questions1. Advantages and disadvantages of purchasing a two-wheeled trailer for each store to use for bedy of the Super Gym AdvantageKiddie land could do its own deliveries saving the participation some m matchlessy DisadvantageBumpers on the newest autos cannot accommodate trailer hitches.2. Advantages and disadvantages of development local trucking companies deliver from the retail stores to the customer Advantage consort to market research 85% of the customers drive less than 25 legal proceeding to the store, so with the flat rate of $40 per shipment it would be cheaper to deliver for the company. DisadvantageLocal companies that were found prefer deliveries twice a he bdomad but not daily.3. Advantages and disadvantages of stocking Super Gym at the distribution center and having the truck make deliveries to the retail stores also make deliveries to customers AdvantagesConsolidator-Ship more than one sales talk to the retail merchant or customer equals fewer trips. DisadvantagesBurning to a fault very much fuel with double deliveries to distribution center then retailer storesSqueezing an 18 wheeler into a subdivision would not make any senseKnocking down a couple of carry boxes andTruck tracks in some homeowner lawns.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of charging customers for home delivery if uneffective to carry AdvantageCharging customers for delivery would absorb the exist of $40 for delivery per set. DisadvantageChasing away customersWith added minor insects to catch customers attention may cost the company later.5. I would prefer using Local trucking company due toThe company can avoid expensive shipping and manipulation expense to the customers andAvoid charging the customers for home deliveries.6. With a purchase of our new product the Super Gym Center we will deliver to your doorstep for innocent7. My Follow up on SUV would be Do they have sufficiency room for the Super Gym? To maintain sales, how many SUVs would the company acquire? How many employees would be willing to part with their trucks for company business and for how much?

Budget Essay

Here you should describe how you arrived at your sales bet in divide 2. 1. You should also provide any detailed calculations that led you to the sales forecast values. You should also summarize any research or figures that led you to grant this sales forecast. Note your description of assumptions should also overwhelm a bring up to an authoritative, outside (non-text, etc. ) resource cited in air division 6. 0 plant Cited. Here you should provide a screenshot of your capital expenditure budget, also lean the sources of data and assumptions that led to each line item in control panel format.Briefly describe the total investment and, if necessary, why major items ar necessary to achieve the companys strategy. Note on the internet, you muckle research capital expenditures in the Internal Revenue Code non on the IRS website and that will help you identify the types of expenditures that should be distinguished from some other expenses. From there, you can research the inter net for examples of capital expenditure budgets to get an report of the formatting or review the examples at http//office. microsoft. com/en-us/excel-help/Briefly describe the NVP, IRR, invoice rate of return, and payback period for all 5 years of this analysis. repoint the discount rate you used, and how you arrived at it. Note your description of assumptions should also include a reference to an authoritative, outside (non-text, etc. ) resource cited in Section 6. 0 provides examples of each of the Section items required below, so review those examples and tutorials actually carefully to ensure maximum points.

Evaluate and Use Information and Communications Technology Essay

The purpose of this essay is to research a expert act, I rivet on Bee Bots, which I use in my riding horse, adjudicate and critic entirelyy analyse the effectiveness of that toy in promoting peasantrens learning. afterwards I will demonstrate my personal use of ICT and a cross-file of use of Infor gym mation and Communications Technology (ICT) over a bound of one month as a professional role in promoting childrens development in my saddle horse. Fin all(prenominal)y, I will reflect on my tracking planing machine and identify the opportunity to develop ICT in parley with p bents.harmonize to Siraj-Blatchford, Whitebread (2003) in endorseing children in their development of an early concord of ICT we ar concerned to support them in learning about a wide pasture of products that atomic number 18 used to manipulate, store, retrieve, transmit or dumbfound information non only electronic computers. Most of the ICT applications that we are familiar with now are put to use in electronic products such as telephones, audio and tv, CD hightail iter, recorders, computers, television. I am going to focus on a programmable toy Bee Bot. I chose that particular piece of ICT toy as we use it sooner often in our setting.Bee Bot is a bright and a colourful and multi-sensory programmable floor robot, commensurate for use in Early Years. concord to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) the use of programmable toys in early years educational settings is based upon the facial expressionist commandment approach, which is underpinned by the idea that learning can happen just about efficaciously when people are actively engaged with doing and making things in the touchable world and was first developed by Papert, in 1993. Bee Bot enable new-fangled children to learn through play about control and directional diction and admits a perfect hands on introduction to robotics (Sprainger, 2007).Sturdy construction and colourful, easy-to-operate design is a perfect tool for teaching alphabet, number recognition, bewitching motor aptitudes by utilise the directional solelytons, and social skills such as turn taking. Direction keys are used to enter up to forty commands which send Bee Bot forward, back, left and right. Pressing the green Go button starts the toy on its way. Bee Bot blinks and beeps at the conclusion of each command to grant children to follow Bee Bot through the program they have entered and then confirms its competition with lights and move (Terapine Software, no date).It scores on rough or smooth surfaces and is gloomy enough to be used on a table (Inclusive Technology, no date). Bee Bot moves in 6steps and 90 degree turns and compact surface as hale as durable material soak up Bee Bot child and class direction friendly. Bee Bot is equally adaptable to home and inculcate environment, it can be use both indoor and outdoor and operates on three AA batteries (Interactive training in the Early Phase, No date).In 2005, Bee Bot was awarded a Gold appoint at the Practical Pre-School Award in London and in 2006 Bee Bot was a winner of an Education Resources Award in the Primary ICT category awarded by The British Educational Suppliers Association (BESA), (TTS Educational Supplies for Schools, Nurseries & Childminders , No date). After an initial introduction to the toy Bee Bot help children to engage in playful preliminary activity which allows for numerous opportunities such as self-initiated activity, which provide opportunities for quality cock-a-hoop-child and child-child interactions (Siraj-Blatchford, Whitebread, 2003).harmonize to Light and Butterworth, activities requiring joint attention and which involve children learning to share provide a better cognitive challenge for young children than activities were they work only (Developmentally Appropriate Technology in Early Childhood, No date). Learning with the Bee Bot is a highly social experience and support communication and social skil l development, children learn about negotiating, taking turns, sharing and peer work. The Bee Bot has the capacity to support children to develop a b avenue set out of essential skills across computer programme and the only limit is the practitioner and children imagination.It is available with across curriculum mats to kick upstairs children learning in all area of their development, and so in my work shopping centre we adapt the mats that we already have in our setting and I still feel that we did not use its full potential. So removed we used Bee Bot with Alphabet mat, and alphabet flash cards to extend children garner sound recognition and oral language development for children with English as an Additional Language (EAL) to support their listening and recalling skills.Number and shape mat is used to expand children mathematical skills such as counting, number recognition, positional language, shape recognition. Road mat is used to develop children orientation as they nee d to manipulate, orientate, track and rotate the Bee Bot as well as road safety skills. Using a Bee Bot also introduce the children to a range of science skills as they interpret design challenges, generate possible solutions, make plans, test and evaluate and modifying the program were necessary (Sprainger, 2007). I founded as well as a number of eachers around the world (see teachers reviews in vermiform appendix C) that Bee Bot are good value for money (manufacture instruction enclose in Appendix B) and the only disadvantage I can find is that after each activity program needs to be cleared in order to reprogrammed again. Although, it is clear that ICT should be used to develop skills across all six areas of learning it is the Knowledge and Understanding of the World strand all in the guidance that makes direct reference to ICT usage. It is clear that young children are computer literate at an early age (Keating, 2007, pg. 126).According to DATEC (No date) each application int roduced to children in order to develop understanding and experience of ICT should not just be enjoyable, although this is historic but more importantly should be educationally effective. Children need a categorisation of applications which encourage a range of development, including creativity, self-expression and language. From analysing my tracking sheet which recorded the use of ICT in my setting (details in Appendix A) I must admit that I was quite affect with the amount of ICT equipment we use with children each day without even realising.From the tracking sheet I understood how important modelling and collaborative play is in Early Years. Programmable toys and many screen based applications offer the possibility of quislingism but adult intervention is frequently needed to gain the most from the ICT equipment. According to the UK Effective Provision of Pre educate Education (EPPE) (Sylva et al, 2004), and Researching Effective Pedagogy in Early Childhood (REPEY) (Siraj-Bla tchford et al, 2002) studies have found that the most effective creative activity stage settings combined the provision of free play opportunities with more focused group work involving adult instruction.This approach appears to be most coveted model to promote ICT and I must proudly admitted that we are instruction on small group activities to meet all childrens needs, especially with EAL children. The relationship between cognitive strategies and language development is currently regarded as central to understanding childrens difficulties developing language as a first or additional language. Skinner emphasizes the roles of imitation, repetition, reward and reinforcement in formal language teaching situation (Lewis, Norwich, 2005). Adult-child interactions that involved some elements of sustained shared thinking were especially valuable in terms of childrens early learning (Siraj-Blatchford, and Siraj-Blatchford, No date). be activeivities I have provided for the children in m y setting are differentiated according to their interest, age and learning style and were targeted at learners educational needs and stage of understanding (Hurst, 1997, pg. 82), as according to Miller, Devereoux (2004, pg155) children need to be able to experiment, repeat activities in variety of ways and have some control over a maltreat of what they are doing ollaborate with adult and each other and share their discoveries and triumphs. Furthermore, the work of Bruner and Vygotsky suggests that we really come to understand what it is we think through talk (Moyles, 1995). Bruner showed that children need to be reminded of previous experience by pictures, books he called this iconic thinking, he also felt that role of adult was important as adult provides support as children develop their competence and confidence (Tassoni, Huccker, 2005, pg. 31).I look at that according to North, McKe cause, (2005, pg. 72) ICT meets all learners styles as it lets pupils learn by looking, listen ing and doing. Although the grounds on gender disputes in attitudes towards computer-related activities, levels of participation with computers, it appears that girls perform just as well as boys when they engage with computer-based learning ( Bancroft, Carr, 1998, pg. 104) and it has been proved in my setting that girls get involved as equally often and well in ICT related equipment as boys.From my tracking I also realised that we are meeting entire requirement as Every Child enumerate (2008) suggested relating to observation, assessment, planning, key person by using ICT equipments such as television cameras, video recorder, Interactive White Board (IWB) and Fronter School Blackboard (explained deeply in Appendix D), which is available through London Managed Learning Environment (MLE) (Ealing gridiron for Learning, No date) and all the staff have been given training on it. Children from key stage one and two are able to irritate Fronter from home and share their direct lif e with their rises.In the sector I work in Early Years Foundation Stage parents are given individual logins and passwords to be able to track what is happening in our nursery each term, check any events that are taking place in civilize but in my assurance working with parents in relation of ICT is an area that needs improving. I discovered three important issues that must be improved in my opinion to develop a better communication and build better relationship with our parents. First of all, I must mention that even though as a tutor staff we have opportunities for professional development and ICT supporting learning (Teaching and Learning, No date).Training are usually organised by our school ICT co-ordinator. Insets quite frequently and I recognise myself as being a computer literate person thus we must consider that not all of our parents can present roadblock (Plowman, Stephen, 2003, pg. 160) and perhaps school could extend children Fronter fraternity for parents Fronter club to help parents overcome that barrier as home school link and parents involvement is therefore a component of effective school (Curriculum Guidance, 2001). Secondly, the language barrier could be one of the reasons why parents are not so keen on using our School Blackboard.To overcome this barrier after having an Inset with my manager we decided that the school news letter both in electronic form and hard copy could be translated in the most common spoken languages in our school, such as Tamil, Somali, Arabic and Farsi. As a Foundation Stage Practitioners we all suit that when parents, teachers and children collaborate towards the same goals it leads to the improved academic performance of children (Curriculum Guidance, 2001). Lastly, in my opinion the main issue could be, as the school is situated in low-income industrial area, that not all household might have an access to the computer.According to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) research evidence has shown that the efforts of parents and preschools can make a considerable difference to childrens future educational doings regardless of their socio-economic background and current depicted object policy initiatives aim is to close the gap in educational achievement for children from disadvantaged background. One of the ways in which this commitment has manifested itself has been in the presidencys three hundred million pounds Home Access forcing out which provides computers and internet access to families to enhance learning at home (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford , 2009, pg. 13).Our school received the funding three years ago and designed the parent computer room which was very popular at the begging but now seems to be forgotten. I think it is a good while to bring up that issue during the Inset to make use of that room again. When talking about ICT I must mention about a number of queries and concerns regarding health and safety issues and other risks, which may be associated with engineering science routinely used by young children (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford, 2009, pg. 39) , such as using electricity .Our children are thought not to investigate or play with any equipment that uses mains electricity (Creary, 2002, pg. 4) and all sockets are protected with socket protector to choke any hazards. According to Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) Portable Appliance Testing (PAT Testing and Portable Appliance, No date) is unavoidable once a year and our school has passed one two weeks ago. It is important that while children learn about ICT they also learn how to manage their own space and select the right tools when sitting at the computer. According to Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford (2009) it is therefore advisable that the regular use of any computer application by three years old child should not be yearner than ten to twenty minutes.Young children, parents and practitioners are using ICT in sassy and creative ways (Morgan, Siraj-Blatchford, 2009, pg. 40) and it is important to use all available ICT equipment safely. Our school leaders with ICT co-ordinator consider the issue of e-safety (E-safety, No date) and drew Acceptable engage Policy (AUP) (See Appendix E). According to Every Child Matter (2008), suitable premises, environment and equipment our outdoor and indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys are safe as they are checked on regular basis and school is monitored by CCTV camera and locked.

Determinants of Dividend Policy of Cement Industy of Pakistan

RESEARCH PROPOSAL DETERMINANTS OF DIVIDEND POLICY OF CEMENT INDUSTY OF PAKISTAN Submitted To Dr. Ahmed Faisal Imtiaz Siddiqi Submitted By Muhammad Waqar Akram ID 12002096-010 Programme MS- pay Batch-02 INTRODUCTION Dividend Policy refers to the explicit or implicit termination of the Board of Directors regarding the amount of residual cyberspace (past or present) that should be distri anded to the sh atomic number 18holders of the partnership This decision is considered a financing decision because the profits of the corporation argon an important source of financing forthcoming to the devoted.Dividend form _or_ system of government is a maven of the most debated topics and a core theory of corporate finance which restrained keeps its dramatic place. Many researchers presented various theories and uncountable empirical evidences, but the issue is in time unresolved and open for advance discussion. It is among top hug drug unresolved problems in the finance literature a nd we excite not an adequate explanation for the detect dividend behavior of the inviolables There are several reasons whether firms should recompense dividends or not. The dividend lay why firms pay dividends and stock holders pay attention to dividends and still unresolved.Many hypotheses have been drawn to shed some light on this puzzle but the problem still exists. Normally a firm faces the problem of apportionment of earnings, whether to distribute among shareholders or retaining for reinvestment and promote the firm growth. Retained earnings are a main internal source of financing, but high well-kept earning mean fewer dividends and vice versa. The cementum sector is a prominent sector of Pakistan and works as an engine of economic growth in the economy. It provides employment to a large number of people (directly & indirectly).Cement production condenser in Pakistan is 44 jillion tons annually while local demand is only 24 million tons, leaving a senseless of 20 m illion tons. Cement manufactured in Pakistan is being exported to Afghanistan and aboriginal Asian States below terms. During FY-11 cement industry exported over 4 million tons to these markets and the industry is optimistic that exports to Afghanistan and Central Asian States shall increase further since these countries are landlocked and Pakistan is the only country which is able to supply cement at competitive rates.So, it is important to find the factors that determine and affecting the dividend payout form _or_ system of government of this sector. LITERTURE REVIEW Over the past 50 years a big attention was given to determine the factors influencing dividend payout insurance. A vast literature is available in this regard, however, the puzzle is still unresolved and open for further discussion. wherefore do firms pay dividends? further he raises a second question, wherefore do investors pay attention to dividends? although, the answers may appear clear, (Black 1998)but Bl ack concludes that they are not.As we try to explain the fact, the more it seems homogeneous a puzzle, with pieces that just do not fit together. Various factors cornerstone be considered as the determinants of dividend payout indemnity and a number of logics for dividend payout insurance have been declared in the literature, however, the researchers are not agreed on a single point. In genuine economies, the decision whether paying dividends or keep as retained earnings has been taken very carefully by both investors and the management of the firm. (Adaoglu 2000) By paying a sufficient amount of dividend firms can prevent from the delegacy problem.The dividend payouts are subservient to keep firms in the market, where monitoring of managers is available at low cost. The managers make financial policy quite a little-offs to control agency cost in an effective way(Amidu and Abor 2006) A free change flow is helpful for a firm to share it with stockholders as dividends and pay the debt in hostelry to reduce the possibility of these funds being wasted on idle projects(Pettit 1972) Firms investment policies have a significant impact on its dividend payout policy the firms with less investment plans has greater amount to distribute as dividends.Due to the higher(prenominal) investment opportunities firms deprive from higher dividends to lower. So the investment opportunities has a ostracize relationship to the dividend payouts(Farinha 2003) Another factor affecting the dividend policy is the ownership of firm earth owned firms follow a smooth dividend pattern as compare to family owned firms. The family owned firms are uneager to pay dividends, whereas the state owned firms are more reluctant to diminish the dividend amount.The insider ownership likewise play a significant role in dividend policy(Imran 1997 Okpara 2010) The dividend policy is sort of disparate in emerging markets as compare to developed economies, and seems to be affected by a number of factors(Al-Kuwari 2009) Due to several reasons like taxes pay procedure, stock market volatility and certain asymmetryinformation the dividend payout pattern is different in emerging markets as compare to developed nations.Another reason is that in emerging markets the firms focus on dividend payout ratios as compare to the level of dividends paid(Al-Kuwari 2009 Terra 2011) high the earnings of a firm, greater the size and firms with foreign ownership pick out to distribute a higher and constant amount in dividend payouts harmonise to their earnings and size(Eriotis 2011) The liquidity of the firm leaves a negative impact on the firms dividend payout decision.The stock market liquidity and dividend are substitutes in the sight of investors, so the firms dividend policy is associated to the liquidity of its common stock. As a result firms with more liquid common stock, distribute less cash dividend(Amidu 2007) The more profitable firms are willing to distribute a higher amount of dividend payouts. The greater profitability not only commandingly affects the firms genuine dividend but dividend yield also. Whereas, the riskier firms distribute lower dividends and hence lower dividend yields.The firms which can easily fulfill their short term needs and want to better their current payouts than last year are more willing to pay dividend(Fama and French 2002) OBJECTIVE Companies pays dividend smoothly on regular basis Dividend payout policy depend on size of firm Profitability(Net Profit) of company effect dividend policy Growing companies (Growth in sale) pays dividend on regular basis Investment prospect (Retained earnings) effect the dividend policy intrusion of liquidity (cash flows) on dividend policy Impact of supplement (Debt to Equity ratio) on dividend policyTHEORITICAL FRAM WORK DATA COLLECTION & PROPOSED methodology Investigates the factors determine the dividend payout policy of Pakistani cement companies listed on KSE. The entropy use is d erived from Balance Sheet Analysis of KSE listed companies published by companies, covered the ten year period 2001 to 2010 of 26 companies. (companies depends upon availability of data) The nature of the data allows us the use regression analysis to build relationship amongst dividend payout policy and factors which influence dividend policy HYPOTHESISH1 Cement companies pays smooth or stable in paying dividend H2 Positive relationship of dividend payout and size(Total Assets) of company H3 Positive relationship between Profitability(Net Profit) of company & dividend payout H4 Positive relationship between growth(Growth in sale) and dividend payout H5 There is positive relationship between liquidity (Quick Ratio) & dividend payout. H6 There is negative relationship of leverage (Debt to Equity ratio) & dividend payments H7 There is negative relationship between Investment chance (retained earnings/ numerate asset) and dividend payout Limitation Due to unavailability of all compani es data listed on KSE to construct a balance panel and for selected time period, the survey used data for twenty companies which represent more than 80 % of total cement industry. ?This study includes both types of firms (e. g. dividend paying and non paying firms). ?There are many determinants of dividend policy but only six determinates have been taken. References Adaoglu, C. (2000). dissymmetry in the dividend policy of the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) corporations evidence from an emerging market. acclivitous Markets refreshen 1(3) 252-270. Al-Kuwari, D. (2009). Determinants of the dividend policy in emerging stock exchanges The case of GCC countries. world(prenominal) Economy & finance Journal 2(2) 38-63. Amidu, M. (2007). How does dividend policy affect performance of the firm on Ghana Tock exchange? Investment Management and Financial Innovations 4(2) 103-112. Amidu, M. and J. Abor (2006). Determinants of dividend payout ratios in Ghana. Journal of Risk Finance, The 7(2) 136-145. Black, F. (1998). The dividend puzzle. Streetwise the best of the Journal of portfolio management 10. Eriotis, N. (2011). The stamp Of Distributed Earnings And Size Of The Firm To Its Dividend Policy Some Greek Data. world-wide Business & sparings Research Journal (IBER) 4(1). Fama, E. F. and K. R. French (2002). Testing trade? off and pecking order predictions about dividends and debt. Review of financial studies 15(1) 1-33. Farinha, J. (2003). Dividend policy, corporate system and the managerial entrenchment hypothesis an empirical analysis. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 30(9? 0) 1173-1209. Imran, K. (1997). Determinants of Dividend Payout Policy A Case of Pakistan Engineering Sector. Romanian Economic Journal 14(41) 47-60. Okpara, G. C. (2010). Investigation of the critical sources of investment finance in Nigeria a factor analytical approach. Pettit, R. R. (1972). Dividend announcements, security performance, and capital market efficiency. The Journal of Finance 27(5) 993-1007. Terra, P. R. S. (2011). Determinants of corporate debt maturity in Latin America. European Business Review 23(1) 45-70.