The Effects Of Globalisation For Women Sociology Essay

The Effects Of globalisation For Women Sociology EssayCritics of Globalisation nonplus expressed the outlook that the spread outing of markets and foreign investment in developing countries will further exasperate the existing sexual urge losss and create conditions of strained labour amongst women. What this paper considers is that as countries become to a greater extent open and transp atomic number 18nt through globalisation, it becomes very hard to sustain and continue glossinesss of discrimination and sex rights imbalances. Whilst some areas of womens rights are exacerbated by Globalization. The majority of women globally obligate benefited greatly from employment opportunities, access to parvenue technologies, support from NGOs, change magnitude policy-making rights and friendly freedoms.Female bringing up has been recognized as one of the critical pathways to promote social and sparing development. Female elaboration in education has been acknowledged as th e single most outstanding investment that a developing country cigaret make, translating into better living conditions for families and ontogenyd productivity. Education is a crucial element of increasing rights for women, countries that hold a higher female literacy rate have a lower gender inequality rate. In developing countries 1 in 5 girls that enrol in primary school will not complete her primary education (USAID, 2009 ) which obviously creates a consider equal to(p) disparity between a the female population and a more educated male population. Globalisation has attachd access to NGO for women in developing countries, many of these NGOs promote the education of women and develop programs to specifically target education gender inequalities. Catholic Relief Services (NGO) targeted the increasing school attendance and reducing dropout rates amount girls (Obanya, 2004). Once a group of girls are educated they then are able to pass these benefits onto the community and their family members and future husbands are able to appreciate the reasons and benefits of educating women slowly increasing the female education rate with each generation. In developing countries investing in just once extra course of study of education means women are more likely to earn more, raise healthier families and are more likely to be better educated about diseases and health issues. Higher female literacy rates as well as correlate strongly to reduced fertility rates and lower infant death rate rates (Kawachi Wamala, 2007).Womens health and access to health services has improved dramatically through globalisation. Women have additional vulnerabilities, malnutrition, sexually contractable diseases, pregnancy complications, cervical and breast cancer, domestic violence, sexual ill-use, and genital mutilation. Globalisation and improvement of health, particularly in imp all overished countries has lead to greater levels of birth hold in and sexual health. Developing cou ntries have a disproportional number of female deaths during child birth as well as high infant mortality rates, through improved health and education these rates. Women suffer from Malaria and HIV more than any other diseases, in some areas the World Health Organisation (WHO) has been able to reduce malaria infections by up to 50% greatly reducing the risks of child birth (Bellamy, 2004). Education programs by the WHO have helped to improve safe sex practises in an effort to reduce HIV infection. Womens health is improving with globalisation. This is because overall Improved population health, particularly amongst the worlds poorest countries, is progressively associated with improved economic growth. As the economies and diddle forces of developing countries grow stronger so do their levels of health and social awareness in the process improving womens health.In grained and miss informed cultural practises are salvage a major issue to for womens health. Female genital mutilati on is a practise that still exists and is culturally practised, over 132 million women and girls have been victims of genital mutilation (Tinker, Finn, Epp, 2000). The majority of the African nations have now made it illegal to shoot female genital mutilation, however without public education making the practise illegal would be ineffective. governing organisations a dogged with NGOs have developed education and awareness programs in many developing nations to outline the affects and problems with this long standing cultural practise. This aims to reduce significantly the practise of female genital mutilation and so far has shown plus results.Political and democratic representation is obviously plays major role in the advancement through existence of public policies and legislation. The status of women has vastly improved through federation in democratic processes. approximately countries such(prenominal) as Indian and France have introduced quotas to ensure a certain level o f participation in the policy-making process, the quotas aim overall to ensure that womens interests are looked after at a government level (International IDEA, 1998). The quota ashes ensures that cultural and gender barriers do not impede the proper representation of women in the political environment. Some critics dislike the idea of a quota system as they believe it artificially increases female representation, when democracy is meant to be democratic and that women are being elected just because they are women. This is a fairly shallow view of the overall problem, by actively representing women within politics it enables cultural change, it enables discriminatory practises to be overturned by governments and enables an overall fairer, balanced democratic process. As an example through the support of the UN the World Economic gathering (WEF) has developed the Women Leaders and sexual urge ParityProgramme to encourage womens participation in the WEF has risen from 9% in 2001 to 17% in 2007 (WEF, 2010). Worldwide women only currently represent 18% of all political positions, whilst this may seem like a small number it is important to consider that since 1945 womens political participation has quadrupled as part of a globalised society (Karam, 1998). What this says is whilst women are still at a serious disadvantage at obtaining political positions, this disadvantage is decreasing and worldwide female representation is dramatically improving with globalisation.Whilst occidental women have benefited the most from globalisation, there still remains a disparity in the working environment. Gender Inequality in the piece of work is one of the most publicised issues for womens rights activists, discrimination in the workplace at present is more subtle and is correspondingly harder to detect. This has resulted in a large proportion of women in part-time work and very little representation in upper managerial roles, when compared to males of equal education and e xperience. Whilst Anti-discrimination legislation has existed in Australia since the 1980s and yet there still remains a large disparity in the workplace between men and women, due to gender and cultural stereotypes. The glass ceiling in many schoolmaster workplaces denies women the opportunities to rise through the ranks of organisations. This was highlighted through a study by the Australian Bureau of Statistics which found women on average earn $611.50 per week and men earn $897.50 (ABS, 2005). Whilst direct wage discrimination has all only been quashed, a division of labour still exists due to roles being defined along traditional gender lines. These roles are often rewarded more highly in favour of male workers (Jones, 1983). This is highlighted in the law occupation where 60% of Monash University Law graduates are women yet less than 14% of women are partners in law firms. (McLeod, 2008). This is not something confined to the legal profession nor is it something confined to Australia, only 1 to 3 per cent of top executive director jobs in the largest corporations worldwide are held by women (Wirth, Luxembourg). patronage some existing problems overall these figures have increase dramatically over the last century, even thirty years ago women had little or no representation in a large corporate environment. From 1985 to 2010 there has been a broad increase of participation of women within the workplace globally and this expect to rise further in coming years (ILO, 2010). As the world becomes more globalised gender equality within the workplace is reduced, this is because the main barriers to this form is equality culture and social norms are changed. Globalisation creates increased employment opportunities and demand for women in non-traditional sectors enable them to earn and control income, thus providing a source of empowerment and enhancing womens capacity for representation and power within the community.In a recent World Bank study of developin g countries, respondents from more than 90% of the countries studied identified gender violence as a serious problem (Doyal, 2002). Modern day slavery and trafficking of women has become a major problem. Transnational crime has become prevalent through globalisation and remains a massive threat to women in particular susceptible women. The underground trafficking of women across borders is an issue of great international bring up and has been exacerbated by globalisation. The individuals that are normally transported in these operations are normally abused, raped and often force or coerced to work as prostitutes in a target country. One of the main contributing factors to this increase in trafficking has been the widespread forced submission of women. Poverty stricken populations are more vulnerable to trafficking, because these women and girls have a very low social status that puts them at risk. Another signifigant contributor to the increase in trafficking is political targeti ng and conflict zones. The breakdown of society and the rule of law have made these women especially vulnerable to the lure of a better future or an exit out of their countries or event a forced exit. The counter measures in place in the majority of countries target the human traffickers with heavy bonds and fines, specifically in Australia this is targeted with the anti-slavery and organised people smuggling legislation where the maximum penalty imposed can be 25 years (David, 2000). This legislation aligns with the United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organised crime, which specifically targeted the trafficking of people (Green Grewcock, 2002). Despite these efforts at any given time over 2.5 million people are held in forced labor the majority of which are women and a further 98% of these experience physical sexual abuse (ILO, 2007). Overall 43% of trafficked people are used for sexual exploitation or prostitution nigh all of whom are women (ILO, 2007). Cowen highl ights quite elegantly the problems with globalisation, While some sectors expand extreme rapidity, other squint and wither away (Cowen, 2002). This is true for women and globalisation in some areas women have received increased rights and economic power and yet in many places they still suffer large amounts of gendered violence.Globalisation has presented new challenges and new opportunities to women, gender equality develops from many different sources and it is often impossible to determine whether these are the result of globalisation or they just have been exacerbated by it.